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Sharing a super simple, user-owned memory module we've been playing around: nanomem The basic idea is to treat memory as a pure intelligence problem: ingestion, structuring, and (selective) retrieval are all just LLM calls & agent loops on a on-device markdown file tree. Each file lists a set of...

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Ken Liu

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73,685 views • 3 months ago •via X (Twitter)

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New course: Agent Memory: Building Memory-Aware Agents, built in partnership with Oracle and taught by Richmond Alake and Nacho Martínez. Many agents work well within a single session but their memory resets once the session ends. Consider a research agent working on dozens of papers across multiple days: without memory, it has no way to store and retrieve what it learned across sessions. This short course teaches you to build a memory system that enables agents to persist memory and thereby learn across sessions. You'll design a Memory Manager that handles different memory types, implement semantic tool retrieval that scales without bloating the context, and build write-back pipelines that let your agent autonomously update and refine what it knows over time. Skills you'll gain: - Build persistent memory stores for different agent memory types - Implement a Memory Manager that orchestrates how your agent reads, writes, and retrieves memory - Treat tools as procedural memory and retrieve only relevant ones at inference time using semantic search Join and learn to build agents that remember and improve over time!
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New course: Agent Memory: Building Memory-Aware Agents, built in partnership with Oracle and taught by Richmond Alake and Nacho Martínez. Many agents work well within a single session but their memory resets once the session ends. Consider a research agent working on dozens of papers across multiple days: without memory, it has no way to store and retrieve what it learned across sessions. This short course teaches you to build a memory system that enables agents to persist memory and thereby learn across sessions. You'll design a Memory Manager that handles different memory types, implement semantic tool retrieval that scales without bloating the context, and build write-back pipelines that let your agent autonomously update and refine what it knows over time. Skills you'll gain: - Build persistent memory stores for different agent memory types - Implement a Memory Manager that orchestrates how your agent reads, writes, and retrieves memory - Treat tools as procedural memory and retrieve only relevant ones at inference time using semantic search Join and learn to build agents that remember and improve over time!

Andrew Ng

159,484 views • 3 months ago

New short course: LLMs as Operating Systems: Agent Memory, created with Letta, and taught by its founders Charles Packer and Sarah Wooders. An LLM's input context window has limited space. Using a longer input context also costs more and results in slower processing. So, managing what's stored in this context window is important. In the innovative paper MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems, its authors (which include the instructors) proposed using an LLM agent to manage this context window. Their system uses a large persistent memory that stores everything that could be included in the input context, and an agent decides what is actually included. Take the example of building a chatbot that needs to remember what's been said earlier in a conversation (perhaps over many days of interaction with a user). As the conversation's length grows, the memory management agent will move information from the input context to a persistent searchable database; summarize information to keep relevant facts in the input context; and restore relevant conversation elements from further back in time. This allows a chatbot to keep what's currently most relevant in its input context memory to generate the next response. When I read the original MemGPT paper, I thought it was an innovative technique for handling memory for LLMs. The open-source Letta framework, which we'll use in this course, makes MemGPT easy to implement. It adds memory to your LLM agents and gives them transparent long-term memory. In detail, you’ll learn: - How to build an agent that can edit its own limited input context memory, using tools and multi-step reasoning - What is a memory hierarchy (an idea from computer operating systems, which use a cache to speed up memory access), and how these ideas apply to managing the LLM input context (where the input context window is a "cache" storing the most relevant information; and an agent decides what to move in and out of this to/from a larger persistent storage system) - How to implement multi-agent collaboration by letting different agents share blocks of memory This course will give you a sophisticated understanding of memory management for LLMs, which is important for chatbots having long conversations, and for complex agentic workflows. Please sign up here!
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New short course: LLMs as Operating Systems: Agent Memory, created with Letta, and taught by its founders Charles Packer and Sarah Wooders. An LLM's input context window has limited space. Using a longer input context also costs more and results in slower processing. So, managing what's stored in this context window is important. In the innovative paper MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems, its authors (which include the instructors) proposed using an LLM agent to manage this context window. Their system uses a large persistent memory that stores everything that could be included in the input context, and an agent decides what is actually included. Take the example of building a chatbot that needs to remember what's been said earlier in a conversation (perhaps over many days of interaction with a user). As the conversation's length grows, the memory management agent will move information from the input context to a persistent searchable database; summarize information to keep relevant facts in the input context; and restore relevant conversation elements from further back in time. This allows a chatbot to keep what's currently most relevant in its input context memory to generate the next response. When I read the original MemGPT paper, I thought it was an innovative technique for handling memory for LLMs. The open-source Letta framework, which we'll use in this course, makes MemGPT easy to implement. It adds memory to your LLM agents and gives them transparent long-term memory. In detail, you’ll learn: - How to build an agent that can edit its own limited input context memory, using tools and multi-step reasoning - What is a memory hierarchy (an idea from computer operating systems, which use a cache to speed up memory access), and how these ideas apply to managing the LLM input context (where the input context window is a "cache" storing the most relevant information; and an agent decides what to move in and out of this to/from a larger persistent storage system) - How to implement multi-agent collaboration by letting different agents share blocks of memory This course will give you a sophisticated understanding of memory management for LLMs, which is important for chatbots having long conversations, and for complex agentic workflows. Please sign up here!

Andrew Ng

200,752 views • 1 year ago

New short course: Long-Term Agentic Memory with LangGraph. Learn to build an agent with long-term memory in this course developed in collaboration with taught by its Co-Founder and CEO, Harrison Chase! Personal assistance and productivity tasks have become important use cases for agents. An important feature of an AI assistant, such as a coding or calendar assistant, is its ability to keep improving over time from its experience. Agent memory is the key capability that enables this. To add memory to an agent, you must first figure out what to store and what to retrieve when it is time to use the information. Additionally, you’ll have to decide when to update the stored information. For example, you might update in each iteration loop of the agent or perform updates in the background, with a helper agent. In this course, you will learn a mental framework to build agents with long-term memory. You'll create a useful email assistant that can respond, ignore, and notify using writing, scheduling, and memory-management tools. You’ll develop your agent's memory by adding facts to its memory store, provide examples to learn the user's preferences, and optimize system prompts to evolve instructions based on previous responses. In detail, you’ll: - Learn how the three types of memory--semantic, episodic, and procedural–and the two update mechanisms–via hot path and in the background–apply to your agents. - Build an email agent with writing, scheduling, and availability tools, along with a router that triages incoming email and handles it accordingly by ignoring, responding, or notifying the user. - Add tools to your email agent that allow it to operate on semantic memory by learning facts about the user, storing them in a long-term memory store, and searching over them in future interactions. - Incorporate episodic memory, in the form of few-shot examples, in the triage step of your agents to help them learn and update user preferences. - Add procedural memory as system prompts, optimized with feedback to improve the instructions the agent follows. Learn how to approach memory in agents, and start building agents with long-term memory with LangGraph! Please sign up here:
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New short course: Long-Term Agentic Memory with LangGraph. Learn to build an agent with long-term memory in this course developed in collaboration with taught by its Co-Founder and CEO, Harrison Chase! Personal assistance and productivity tasks have become important use cases for agents. An important feature of an AI assistant, such as a coding or calendar assistant, is its ability to keep improving over time from its experience. Agent memory is the key capability that enables this. To add memory to an agent, you must first figure out what to store and what to retrieve when it is time to use the information. Additionally, you’ll have to decide when to update the stored information. For example, you might update in each iteration loop of the agent or perform updates in the background, with a helper agent. In this course, you will learn a mental framework to build agents with long-term memory. You'll create a useful email assistant that can respond, ignore, and notify using writing, scheduling, and memory-management tools. You’ll develop your agent's memory by adding facts to its memory store, provide examples to learn the user's preferences, and optimize system prompts to evolve instructions based on previous responses. In detail, you’ll: - Learn how the three types of memory--semantic, episodic, and procedural–and the two update mechanisms–via hot path and in the background–apply to your agents. - Build an email agent with writing, scheduling, and availability tools, along with a router that triages incoming email and handles it accordingly by ignoring, responding, or notifying the user. - Add tools to your email agent that allow it to operate on semantic memory by learning facts about the user, storing them in a long-term memory store, and searching over them in future interactions. - Incorporate episodic memory, in the form of few-shot examples, in the triage step of your agents to help them learn and update user preferences. - Add procedural memory as system prompts, optimized with feedback to improve the instructions the agent follows. Learn how to approach memory in agents, and start building agents with long-term memory with LangGraph! Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

131,640 views • 1 year ago

We asked James Wang why Cerebras can run large models so quickly. His answer: Inference speed is mostly a memory problem. Instead of constantly pulling weights from external memory, Cerebras splits the model across multiple wafers and pipelines the layers together. “Inference is all about memory bandwidth.” “You don’t want to store weights external to the wafer, because the second it’s outside, it becomes much slower.” “We put the weights on the inside.” “The team built a new software stack that basically lets us split the models by layer and store them layer by layer across multiple wafers.” “That allows us to never have to read from external memory, and that’s what makes it so fast.” “For context, Claude is about 100 tokens per second.”
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We asked James Wang why Cerebras can run large models so quickly. His answer: Inference speed is mostly a memory problem. Instead of constantly pulling weights from external memory, Cerebras splits the model across multiple wafers and pipelines the layers together. “Inference is all about memory bandwidth.” “You don’t want to store weights external to the wafer, because the second it’s outside, it becomes much slower.” “We put the weights on the inside.” “The team built a new software stack that basically lets us split the models by layer and store them layer by layer across multiple wafers.” “That allows us to never have to read from external memory, and that’s what makes it so fast.” “For context, Claude is about 100 tokens per second.”

MTS

27,935 views • 1 month ago

Memory for OpenClaw is now Native! Our first OpenClaw Memory Skill was a massive success: 30k+ downloads in a week and 500k+ organic impressions overnight for launch post. But we knew memory needed to be native. On March 21, OpenClaw merged PR #50848, allowing us to go beyond the skill layer and integrate directly into the agent’s context assembly flow. We try to make OpenClaw a truly 24/7 employee capable of complex workflows. The technical setup isn’t the hardest part but the real challenge is giving it a "brain" that remembers exact project details, past decisions, and team changes over time. The Native Memory Plugin is now live on NPM & ClawHub. Here is what it brings to your OpenClaw agents: 👉 Native Integration: Automatically manages a Three-Layer Memory architecture (Context Tree, Workspace Memory, Daily Memory). 👉 Git-like Stateful Memory: Organizes memory into a semantic hierarchy of human-readable, diffable Markdown files. You always get updated knowledge and can actually see and fix what your agent learns. 👉 Top Market Accuracy: Achieves an industry-leading 92.2% retrieval accuracy (LoCoMo & LongMemEval benchmarks), maintaining 90% accuracy even with cheap, lightweight models. 👉 Local-first & Portable: Local-by-default, fully portable for multi-agent teams. 👉 Super Easy Setup
1:46

Memory for OpenClaw is now Native! Our first OpenClaw Memory Skill was a massive success: 30k+ downloads in a week and 500k+ organic impressions overnight for launch post. But we knew memory needed to be native. On March 21, OpenClaw merged PR #50848, allowing us to go beyond the skill layer and integrate directly into the agent’s context assembly flow. We try to make OpenClaw a truly 24/7 employee capable of complex workflows. The technical setup isn’t the hardest part but the real challenge is giving it a "brain" that remembers exact project details, past decisions, and team changes over time. The Native Memory Plugin is now live on NPM & ClawHub. Here is what it brings to your OpenClaw agents: 👉 Native Integration: Automatically manages a Three-Layer Memory architecture (Context Tree, Workspace Memory, Daily Memory). 👉 Git-like Stateful Memory: Organizes memory into a semantic hierarchy of human-readable, diffable Markdown files. You always get updated knowledge and can actually see and fix what your agent learns. 👉 Top Market Accuracy: Achieves an industry-leading 92.2% retrieval accuracy (LoCoMo & LongMemEval benchmarks), maintaining 90% accuracy even with cheap, lightweight models. 👉 Local-first & Portable: Local-by-default, fully portable for multi-agent teams. 👉 Super Easy Setup

andy nguyen

169,136 views • 3 months ago

Databases are far from dead. Hot take within the vibe-coding community, but you can't build a reliable agentic memory system using files alone. The filesystem is a great interface for agents, but for complex, distributed, production applications, databases win hands down. I recorded a video to show you the benchmarks. Large Language Models know how to navigate and work with the filesystem, but as soon as you add complexity, files will fall short. You need databases whenever any of the following happens: 1. You have concurrent writes from multiple agents or users 2. You need semantic retrieval at scale 3. You need ACID guarantees for shared state 4. You need audit trails and row-level access control 5. You need indexed queries over growing memory In the attached video, I'm running a notebook comparing a filesystem-backed agent with a database-backed agent. The three most important findings: • Filesystem = Database with small corpus, keyword-friendly queries • Databases > Filesystem with large corpus, fuzzy queries • Databases > Filesystem with concurrent writes without locking Numbers don't lie. You can run the benchmarks yourself.
8:11

Databases are far from dead. Hot take within the vibe-coding community, but you can't build a reliable agentic memory system using files alone. The filesystem is a great interface for agents, but for complex, distributed, production applications, databases win hands down. I recorded a video to show you the benchmarks. Large Language Models know how to navigate and work with the filesystem, but as soon as you add complexity, files will fall short. You need databases whenever any of the following happens: 1. You have concurrent writes from multiple agents or users 2. You need semantic retrieval at scale 3. You need ACID guarantees for shared state 4. You need audit trails and row-level access control 5. You need indexed queries over growing memory In the attached video, I'm running a notebook comparing a filesystem-backed agent with a database-backed agent. The three most important findings: • Filesystem = Database with small corpus, keyword-friendly queries • Databases > Filesystem with large corpus, fuzzy queries • Databases > Filesystem with concurrent writes without locking Numbers don't lie. You can run the benchmarks yourself.

Santiago

29,383 views • 2 months ago

Today we’re launching the first and only human-like AI agents in the world. Super Agents™ are the first agents with human‑level skills – they DM you, take @ mentions, send emails, manage docs, tasks, and more. Not just tools or API calls, but real skills fine‑tuned for how teams actually work. The first agents with 100% context – fully native in ClickUp and fully synced from other apps. Super Agents see your work the same way that humans do: tasks, docs, schedules, and conversations all in one place. The first agents that learn from human interactions automatically, without any setup or configuration – when you give feedback, they listen and improve how they work. The first agents with human‑level memory for custom agents – historical memory for every interaction, short-term working memory, and even long‑term memory stored in docs you can literally open, inspect, and edit. The first agents that are literally the same as users – our agentic user model is the same as our user data model. This gives you permissions and capabilities that you and your systems are already familiar with. The first infinite agent catalog – where anyone can create and customize agents in minutes, for literally any type of work imaginable. It's the most intuitive way to build agents on the planet. 95% of companies are failing in AI adoption. The reality is that AI isn't meant to be adopted, it's meant to be adapted – to you. Super Agents are automatically personalized to you and your company using proprietary state-of-the-art agent architecture, orchestration, and tooling. Today is the largest step forward we've ever made towards our mission of making people more productive. Maximize human productivity, with ClickUp Super Agents. Available NOW. For everyone.
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Today we’re launching the first and only human-like AI agents in the world. Super Agents™ are the first agents with human‑level skills – they DM you, take @ mentions, send emails, manage docs, tasks, and more. Not just tools or API calls, but real skills fine‑tuned for how teams actually work. The first agents with 100% context – fully native in ClickUp and fully synced from other apps. Super Agents see your work the same way that humans do: tasks, docs, schedules, and conversations all in one place. The first agents that learn from human interactions automatically, without any setup or configuration – when you give feedback, they listen and improve how they work. The first agents with human‑level memory for custom agents – historical memory for every interaction, short-term working memory, and even long‑term memory stored in docs you can literally open, inspect, and edit. The first agents that are literally the same as users – our agentic user model is the same as our user data model. This gives you permissions and capabilities that you and your systems are already familiar with. The first infinite agent catalog – where anyone can create and customize agents in minutes, for literally any type of work imaginable. It's the most intuitive way to build agents on the planet. 95% of companies are failing in AI adoption. The reality is that AI isn't meant to be adopted, it's meant to be adapted – to you. Super Agents are automatically personalized to you and your company using proprietary state-of-the-art agent architecture, orchestration, and tooling. Today is the largest step forward we've ever made towards our mission of making people more productive. Maximize human productivity, with ClickUp Super Agents. Available NOW. For everyone.

Zeb Evans

320,554 views • 6 months ago

Introducing LobeHub: Agent teammates that grow with you. LobeHub is the ultimate space for work and life: to find, build, and collaborate with agent teammates that grow with you. We’re building the world’s first and largest human–agent co-evolving network. Two years ago, we built LobeChat, an open-source interface for using different AI models. Today, LobeChat has 70k+ GitHub stars and serves 6M+ users worldwide. How to fully unlock the power of models has always been a shared mission between us and the community. We started with interaction — a fundamentally new, agent-first experience. Agents are no longer passive tools invoked in a single conversation. They should be proactive, always-on units of work. Treating agents as the minimal atomic unit is also the core of our agent harness infra. Today’s agents are mostly one-off executors. Even with memory, it’s often global — and hallucinates. We build long-term agent teammates that evolve with users. Each agent has its own dedicated memory space, editable by users, allowing humans and agents to co-evolve over time. This, in turn, allows us to design clearer rewards for reinforcement learning and create cleaner environments for continual learning. Agent teammates can work in groups. Through a multi-agent system, agent groups operate faster, more cost-effective, and go beyond what single-agent systems can achieve. For example, a single agent often requires heavy user involvement to proceed step by step, whereas LobeHub can execute the same work from a single instruction, with a supervisor orchestrating agents that run in parallel or debate to produce better results. We are building the collaboration network among agent teammates — and between humans and agent teammates as well. Ease of use matters. AI intelligence and shared human intelligence are equally important. With simple instructions and tool selection, you can effortlessly build and team up with agent coworkers to deliver complex, systematic work — even assembling a quant team to execute trades. Through the LobeHub community, anyone can discover, reuse, and remix agents and agent groups, customizing them to fit their own workflows, preferences, and needs. Last but not least, our vision started with LobeChat: multi-model support is the most efficient approach for users. We believe different models excel in different scenarios. By routing across multiple models, LobeHub improves cost efficiency and unlocks capabilities that a single-model setup cannot easily support.
2:41

Introducing LobeHub: Agent teammates that grow with you. LobeHub is the ultimate space for work and life: to find, build, and collaborate with agent teammates that grow with you. We’re building the world’s first and largest human–agent co-evolving network. Two years ago, we built LobeChat, an open-source interface for using different AI models. Today, LobeChat has 70k+ GitHub stars and serves 6M+ users worldwide. How to fully unlock the power of models has always been a shared mission between us and the community. We started with interaction — a fundamentally new, agent-first experience. Agents are no longer passive tools invoked in a single conversation. They should be proactive, always-on units of work. Treating agents as the minimal atomic unit is also the core of our agent harness infra. Today’s agents are mostly one-off executors. Even with memory, it’s often global — and hallucinates. We build long-term agent teammates that evolve with users. Each agent has its own dedicated memory space, editable by users, allowing humans and agents to co-evolve over time. This, in turn, allows us to design clearer rewards for reinforcement learning and create cleaner environments for continual learning. Agent teammates can work in groups. Through a multi-agent system, agent groups operate faster, more cost-effective, and go beyond what single-agent systems can achieve. For example, a single agent often requires heavy user involvement to proceed step by step, whereas LobeHub can execute the same work from a single instruction, with a supervisor orchestrating agents that run in parallel or debate to produce better results. We are building the collaboration network among agent teammates — and between humans and agent teammates as well. Ease of use matters. AI intelligence and shared human intelligence are equally important. With simple instructions and tool selection, you can effortlessly build and team up with agent coworkers to deliver complex, systematic work — even assembling a quant team to execute trades. Through the LobeHub community, anyone can discover, reuse, and remix agents and agent groups, customizing them to fit their own workflows, preferences, and needs. Last but not least, our vision started with LobeChat: multi-model support is the most efficient approach for users. We believe different models excel in different scenarios. By routing across multiple models, LobeHub improves cost efficiency and unlocks capabilities that a single-model setup cannot easily support.

LobeHub

185,032 views • 5 months ago

New short course on sophisticated RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) techniques is out! Taught by Jerry Liu and Anupam Datta of LlamaIndex 🦙 and TruEra , this teaches advanced techniques that help your LLM generate good answers. Topics include: - Sentence-window retrieval, which retrieves not just the most relevant sentence, but a window of sentences around it for higher quality context. - Auto-merging retrieval, which organizes your document into a hierarchical tree structure, where each parent node's text is split among its child nodes. Based on the relevance of the child nodes to a user query, this lets you better decide whether the entire parent node should be provided as context to the LLM. - Evaluation methodology for separately evaluating the quality of the key steps of RAG (context relevance, answer relevance, groundedness) so that you can perform error analysis, identify which part of your pipeline needs work, and tune components systematically. Please check out the course!
1:43

New short course on sophisticated RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) techniques is out! Taught by Jerry Liu and Anupam Datta of LlamaIndex 🦙 and TruEra , this teaches advanced techniques that help your LLM generate good answers. Topics include: - Sentence-window retrieval, which retrieves not just the most relevant sentence, but a window of sentences around it for higher quality context. - Auto-merging retrieval, which organizes your document into a hierarchical tree structure, where each parent node's text is split among its child nodes. Based on the relevance of the child nodes to a user query, this lets you better decide whether the entire parent node should be provided as context to the LLM. - Evaluation methodology for separately evaluating the quality of the key steps of RAG (context relevance, answer relevance, groundedness) so that you can perform error analysis, identify which part of your pipeline needs work, and tune components systematically. Please check out the course!

Andrew Ng

655,538 views • 2 years ago

The same kinds of productivity gains we've seen in coding with AI agents are heading to the rest of knowledge work. This is the jump when you go from having a chatbot to being able to actually have an agent go off and do work for minutes or even hours and come back with a complete work output that you then review. Here's an example of the new Box Agent filling out an RFP response from an existing knowledge base. This process would normally take hours to fill out, and requires the full attention of the user doing the work. Now, you provide the Box Agent with the RFP questions, and it will go off, make a plan, extract all the relevant questions, read through existing source material to come up with an answer, and then generate a new word document as the final output. All while you're doing something else. The key to this architecture is that the agent is able to use all of the same tools in the background that a user uses to get work done. The agent can search for documents, read entire files, run scripts and tools in the background, and even be able to write code on the fly to automate tasks it hasn't seen before. And best of all, the Box Agent will (soon) work from the Box MCP and CLI so you can invoke it in any agentic system as a step in a process. This kind of agent complexity would have been impossible even 6 months ago. Models consistently failed at tracking long running tasks or using the right tools at the right moment for the task. But this is all now possible because of models like GPT-5.4, Opus 4.6, and Gemini 3, and is only getting better by the month. Just as we moved from engineers writing code and using AI as an assistant to answer questions, in many areas of knowledge work -like legal, finance, consulting, sales, marketing, and more- when we have a problem we'll just kick off the AI agent to just go work on it for us in the background.
2:14

The same kinds of productivity gains we've seen in coding with AI agents are heading to the rest of knowledge work. This is the jump when you go from having a chatbot to being able to actually have an agent go off and do work for minutes or even hours and come back with a complete work output that you then review. Here's an example of the new Box Agent filling out an RFP response from an existing knowledge base. This process would normally take hours to fill out, and requires the full attention of the user doing the work. Now, you provide the Box Agent with the RFP questions, and it will go off, make a plan, extract all the relevant questions, read through existing source material to come up with an answer, and then generate a new word document as the final output. All while you're doing something else. The key to this architecture is that the agent is able to use all of the same tools in the background that a user uses to get work done. The agent can search for documents, read entire files, run scripts and tools in the background, and even be able to write code on the fly to automate tasks it hasn't seen before. And best of all, the Box Agent will (soon) work from the Box MCP and CLI so you can invoke it in any agentic system as a step in a process. This kind of agent complexity would have been impossible even 6 months ago. Models consistently failed at tracking long running tasks or using the right tools at the right moment for the task. But this is all now possible because of models like GPT-5.4, Opus 4.6, and Gemini 3, and is only getting better by the month. Just as we moved from engineers writing code and using AI as an assistant to answer questions, in many areas of knowledge work -like legal, finance, consulting, sales, marketing, and more- when we have a problem we'll just kick off the AI agent to just go work on it for us in the background.

Aaron Levie

24,618 views • 3 months ago

This Python script helps you better understand how embeddings work for SEO. Input a sentence + a query and BERT will calculate a content "Similarity Score": Search engines use embedding models to translate your content into numeric values. This is how they're able to mathematically determine whether a page on your site is actually relevant to a query someone is searching for. Once both the content and query are run through embeddings - they can calculate the "cosine similarity" or how similar the two entities are to each one. With this Python script, you can actually visualize how cosine similarity works for yourself. To you use you'll simply: 1. Save the Python script to a text file 2. Use your Terminal to run the script 3. You'll be prompted for both a "Sentence" and "Query" 4. Once entered, the script will calculate a "Similarity Score" between the text and query. This is how relevant your sentence is for the target keyword. By running this, you'll see that search engines are able to come with an calculation of content relevance. You'll need to think about the content on your site the same way - which sections have high scores and which ones have low ones? I've linked the Python script in the comments below. No coding knowledge is required and it walks you step by step on how to implement it.
2:37

This Python script helps you better understand how embeddings work for SEO. Input a sentence + a query and BERT will calculate a content "Similarity Score": Search engines use embedding models to translate your content into numeric values. This is how they're able to mathematically determine whether a page on your site is actually relevant to a query someone is searching for. Once both the content and query are run through embeddings - they can calculate the "cosine similarity" or how similar the two entities are to each one. With this Python script, you can actually visualize how cosine similarity works for yourself. To you use you'll simply: 1. Save the Python script to a text file 2. Use your Terminal to run the script 3. You'll be prompted for both a "Sentence" and "Query" 4. Once entered, the script will calculate a "Similarity Score" between the text and query. This is how relevant your sentence is for the target keyword. By running this, you'll see that search engines are able to come with an calculation of content relevance. You'll need to think about the content on your site the same way - which sections have high scores and which ones have low ones? I've linked the Python script in the comments below. No coding knowledge is required and it walks you step by step on how to implement it.

Chris Long

13,185 views • 2 years ago

Our latest LangChain Academy course – Building Ambient Agents with LangGraph – is now available! Most agents today handle one request at a time through chat interfaces. But as models have improved, agents can now run in the background – and take on long-running, complex tasks. LangGraph is built for these “ambient agents,” with support for human-in-the-loop workflows and memory. LangGraph Platform provides the infrastructure to run these agents at scale, and LangSmith helps you observe, evaluate, and improve your agents. Together, they make it easier to build reliable, production-ready agents. In this course, you’ll: 📩 Learn the fundamentals of LangGraph and how to build your own email agent 📊 Evaluate your agent using LangSmith ✅ Add human-in-the-loop for reviews, and memory so your agent adapts over time 🚀 Deploy your agent with LangGraph Platform and connect it to Gmail
3:02

Our latest LangChain Academy course – Building Ambient Agents with LangGraph – is now available! Most agents today handle one request at a time through chat interfaces. But as models have improved, agents can now run in the background – and take on long-running, complex tasks. LangGraph is built for these “ambient agents,” with support for human-in-the-loop workflows and memory. LangGraph Platform provides the infrastructure to run these agents at scale, and LangSmith helps you observe, evaluate, and improve your agents. Together, they make it easier to build reliable, production-ready agents. In this course, you’ll: 📩 Learn the fundamentals of LangGraph and how to build your own email agent 📊 Evaluate your agent using LangSmith ✅ Add human-in-the-loop for reviews, and memory so your agent adapts over time 🚀 Deploy your agent with LangGraph Platform and connect it to Gmail

LangChain

33,192 views • 1 year ago

Micron is going to $4,000 and once you understand what inference actually is, the number stops sounding crazy (Save this). Dylan Patel just said that by 2030, OpenAI and Anthropic alone will need over 100 gigawatts of compute combined and by 2040, we may not even be measuring AI infrastructure in gigawatts anymore. We may be talking about terawatts. Every single one of those gigawatts needs memory to function. Without it, the compute is worthless. Most people heard that and thought about Nvidia but they should be thinking about Micron. Every AI model generating a response has two phases. The first is prefill, processing your prompt which is compute-heavy and the second is decode generating each word one token at a time and that phase is almost entirely memory-bound, not compute-bound. During decode, the GPU's processing units sit idle more than 95% of the time, waiting for data to arrive from memory. Google confirmed it in a research paper that decode-phase bottlenecks are dominated by memory bandwidth and capacity not raw compute. The GPU is not the bottleneck but the memory feeding the GPU is. This matters because inference is now where all the money lives. Training a model happens once, Inference happens billions of times a day every ChatGPT response, every Claude output, every agentic workflow running in the background and every one of those token streams is a billing event tied directly to memory performance. Adding more GPUs does not fix this because GPUs are already underutilized in inference because they are sitting idle waiting on memory. Adding more memory bandwidth and capacity is what directly reduces token cost, reduces latency, and allows the same cluster to serve dramatically more users simultaneously. Longer context windows compound the problem further, a model running a 1 million token context window requires dramatically more memory per session than a 10,000 token window, and every new model generation pushes context longer. The market treats memory as a downstream beneficiary of Nvidia orders. The correct framework is the opposite, Micron is the upstream constraint on how much value every Nvidia GPU can actually generate at inference scale. Micron guided Q4 to $50 billion in revenue, has HBM4 ramping at twice the pace of the prior generation, and CEO Sanjay Mehrotra has said supply will not catch demand before the end of 2027. At 8x forward earnings on $112 projected FY2027 EPS, Micron is the most undervalued infrastructure company in the entire AI stack. Inference is memory. Memory is Micron and the inference ramp has barely started. Milk Road Pro members are already up massively on this position and we're just getting started. If you want the full breakdown of what we're buying and why, come join us for just a dollar using the link below!
0:39

Micron is going to $4,000 and once you understand what inference actually is, the number stops sounding crazy (Save this). Dylan Patel just said that by 2030, OpenAI and Anthropic alone will need over 100 gigawatts of compute combined and by 2040, we may not even be measuring AI infrastructure in gigawatts anymore. We may be talking about terawatts. Every single one of those gigawatts needs memory to function. Without it, the compute is worthless. Most people heard that and thought about Nvidia but they should be thinking about Micron. Every AI model generating a response has two phases. The first is prefill, processing your prompt which is compute-heavy and the second is decode generating each word one token at a time and that phase is almost entirely memory-bound, not compute-bound. During decode, the GPU's processing units sit idle more than 95% of the time, waiting for data to arrive from memory. Google confirmed it in a research paper that decode-phase bottlenecks are dominated by memory bandwidth and capacity not raw compute. The GPU is not the bottleneck but the memory feeding the GPU is. This matters because inference is now where all the money lives. Training a model happens once, Inference happens billions of times a day every ChatGPT response, every Claude output, every agentic workflow running in the background and every one of those token streams is a billing event tied directly to memory performance. Adding more GPUs does not fix this because GPUs are already underutilized in inference because they are sitting idle waiting on memory. Adding more memory bandwidth and capacity is what directly reduces token cost, reduces latency, and allows the same cluster to serve dramatically more users simultaneously. Longer context windows compound the problem further, a model running a 1 million token context window requires dramatically more memory per session than a 10,000 token window, and every new model generation pushes context longer. The market treats memory as a downstream beneficiary of Nvidia orders. The correct framework is the opposite, Micron is the upstream constraint on how much value every Nvidia GPU can actually generate at inference scale. Micron guided Q4 to $50 billion in revenue, has HBM4 ramping at twice the pace of the prior generation, and CEO Sanjay Mehrotra has said supply will not catch demand before the end of 2027. At 8x forward earnings on $112 projected FY2027 EPS, Micron is the most undervalued infrastructure company in the entire AI stack. Inference is memory. Memory is Micron and the inference ramp has barely started. Milk Road Pro members are already up massively on this position and we're just getting started. If you want the full breakdown of what we're buying and why, come join us for just a dollar using the link below!

Milk Road AI

128,079 views • 14 days ago

Mati Staniszewski on why ElevenLabs is betting on a cascaded approach for voice agents: “Our approach, as you think about voice agents, conversational agents, is effectively a cascaded approach. You use transcription or speech-to-text, an LLM, text-to-speech, and orchestrate all of that together. Then you have speech-to-speech, which goes directly from speech, and there’s a speech response on the other side. Today, we are optimizing heavily on a cascaded approach. As we work with a lot of the businesses and enterprises, they will need that visibility into what happens. They will want to execute certain tasks on top of that. They want good visibility into each of the steps and great accuracy of all the models. But beyond that, they can abstract away what’s the LLM layer, what’s the intelligence layer, and the integrations are easier in that system. That’s where we are betting a lot of the research work on how you can make that great, and we think we can make that great.” John Collison Mati Staniszewski ElevenLabs
1:09

Mati Staniszewski on why ElevenLabs is betting on a cascaded approach for voice agents: “Our approach, as you think about voice agents, conversational agents, is effectively a cascaded approach. You use transcription or speech-to-text, an LLM, text-to-speech, and orchestrate all of that together. Then you have speech-to-speech, which goes directly from speech, and there’s a speech response on the other side. Today, we are optimizing heavily on a cascaded approach. As we work with a lot of the businesses and enterprises, they will need that visibility into what happens. They will want to execute certain tasks on top of that. They want good visibility into each of the steps and great accuracy of all the models. But beyond that, they can abstract away what’s the LLM layer, what’s the intelligence layer, and the integrations are easier in that system. That’s where we are betting a lot of the research work on how you can make that great, and we think we can make that great.” John Collison Mati Staniszewski ElevenLabs

Stripe

17,118 views • 2 months ago

AutoGPT might be the next big step in AI. Here's why Karpathy recently said "AutoGPT is the next frontier of prompt engineering" AutoGPT is the equivalent of giving GPT-based models a memory and a body. You can now give a task to an AI agent and have it autonomously come up with a plan, execute on it, browse the web, and use new data to revise the strategy until the task is completed. It can analyze the market and come up with a trading strategy, customer service, marketing, finance, or other tasks that requires continuous updates. There are three components to it: 1. Architecture: It leverages GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 via API. 2. Autonomous Iterations: AutoGPT can refine its outputs by self-critical review, building on its previous work and integrating prompt history for more accurate results. 3. Memory Management: Integration with Pinecone allows for long-term memory storage, enabling context preservation and improved decision-making. 4. Multi-functionality: Capabilities include file manipulation, web browsing, and data retrieval, distinguishing AutoGPT from previous AI advancements by broadening its application scope.
0:29

AutoGPT might be the next big step in AI. Here's why Karpathy recently said "AutoGPT is the next frontier of prompt engineering" AutoGPT is the equivalent of giving GPT-based models a memory and a body. You can now give a task to an AI agent and have it autonomously come up with a plan, execute on it, browse the web, and use new data to revise the strategy until the task is completed. It can analyze the market and come up with a trading strategy, customer service, marketing, finance, or other tasks that requires continuous updates. There are three components to it: 1. Architecture: It leverages GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 via API. 2. Autonomous Iterations: AutoGPT can refine its outputs by self-critical review, building on its previous work and integrating prompt history for more accurate results. 3. Memory Management: Integration with Pinecone allows for long-term memory storage, enabling context preservation and improved decision-making. 4. Multi-functionality: Capabilities include file manipulation, web browsing, and data retrieval, distinguishing AutoGPT from previous AI advancements by broadening its application scope.

Lior Alexander

808,089 views • 3 years ago

Sub-agents in (latent) space! We’ve been working on a side project. As far as I know, this is the first massively multiplayer, completely LLM-driven game. Come play Gradient Bang with us. See if you can catch me on the leaderboard. This whole thing started because I wanted to explore a bunch of things I’m currently obsessed with, in an application of non-trivial size, that felt both new and old at the same time. So … a retro-style space trading game built entirely around interacting with and managing multiple LLMs. Factorio, but instead of clicking, you cajole your ship AI into tasking other AIs to do things for you. Some of the things we’ve been thinking about as we hack on Gradient Bang: - Sub-agent orchestration - Partial context sharing between multiple LLM inference loops - Managing very long contexts, and episodic memory across user sessions - World events and large volumes of structured data input as part of human/agent conversations - Dynamic user interfaces, driven/created on the fly by LLMs - And, of course, voice as primary input If you’ve been building coding harnesses, or writing Open Claw agents, or doing pretty much anything that pushes the boundaries of AI-native development these days, you’re probably thinking about these things too! This is all built with Pipecat AI, the back end is Supabase, the React front end is deployed to Vercel, and all the code is open source.
1:03

Sub-agents in (latent) space! We’ve been working on a side project. As far as I know, this is the first massively multiplayer, completely LLM-driven game. Come play Gradient Bang with us. See if you can catch me on the leaderboard. This whole thing started because I wanted to explore a bunch of things I’m currently obsessed with, in an application of non-trivial size, that felt both new and old at the same time. So … a retro-style space trading game built entirely around interacting with and managing multiple LLMs. Factorio, but instead of clicking, you cajole your ship AI into tasking other AIs to do things for you. Some of the things we’ve been thinking about as we hack on Gradient Bang: - Sub-agent orchestration - Partial context sharing between multiple LLM inference loops - Managing very long contexts, and episodic memory across user sessions - World events and large volumes of structured data input as part of human/agent conversations - Dynamic user interfaces, driven/created on the fly by LLMs - And, of course, voice as primary input If you’ve been building coding harnesses, or writing Open Claw agents, or doing pretty much anything that pushes the boundaries of AI-native development these days, you’re probably thinking about these things too! This is all built with Pipecat AI, the back end is Supabase, the React front end is deployed to Vercel, and all the code is open source.

kwindla

454,255 views • 3 months ago

RLM is the most import foundation of my Pi Harness (other than Pi of course). It's seeded with late interaction retrieval results (thanks to @lightonai for pylate). The Agent initiates it with query then.. 𝐒𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐩 A python REPL is created and seeded with: 1. Late interaction search to pre-filter. Instead of doing top 3/5/10, it's top hundreds of documents. This is set into a `context` variable. 2. Python functions are loaded in to do more searches if `context` variable isn't enough. And to make llm calls with cheaper models in parallel batches. 𝐈𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐋𝐨𝐨𝐩 From there, an LLM iterates in the REPL based on the query. It's just like exploring in a jupyter notebook. The LLM writes prose (like a markdown cell) and code to be run in the REPL each turn. This allows the LLM to sort, filter, and synthesize information. It can fan out and ask smaller models to summarize, combine, contrast, or do anything else to documents to help it understand the data. After several turns the LLM reponds with the final answer. Either because it found the answer, or hit the budget limit. Context as a Python variable, LLM as the programmer, REPL as the runtime. 𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐃𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 1. Richer Shell. Agents (and subagents) work by intermixing code and prose/thinking. But they use static scripts or bash that run and exit and start over each tool call. That's not ideal for exploration and synthesis of data. For that, state is useful to continue building and exploring the data as you learn more. There's a reason jupyter notebooks have been popular with data scientists. 2. Keeps main agent context clean. The better context you have the better the agent will perform (duh!). This means three thing: better human input, less missing search results, and less incorrect search results. Letting the agent iterate allows it to synthesize just what is needed and nothing else. All bad paths or peeks at something that turns out to be irrelevant stays out of main agent context. 3. Stack the good ideas! People often compare late interaction search vs RLM. Or static vs dynamic languages. Or agentic search vs semantic search. But...You can just use them all together for what they're each good at. Use them all for the area they're really great for. Read the full post which has more detail about how and why.
3:43

RLM is the most import foundation of my Pi Harness (other than Pi of course). It's seeded with late interaction retrieval results (thanks to @lightonai for pylate). The Agent initiates it with query then.. 𝐒𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐩 A python REPL is created and seeded with: 1. Late interaction search to pre-filter. Instead of doing top 3/5/10, it's top hundreds of documents. This is set into a `context` variable. 2. Python functions are loaded in to do more searches if `context` variable isn't enough. And to make llm calls with cheaper models in parallel batches. 𝐈𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐋𝐨𝐨𝐩 From there, an LLM iterates in the REPL based on the query. It's just like exploring in a jupyter notebook. The LLM writes prose (like a markdown cell) and code to be run in the REPL each turn. This allows the LLM to sort, filter, and synthesize information. It can fan out and ask smaller models to summarize, combine, contrast, or do anything else to documents to help it understand the data. After several turns the LLM reponds with the final answer. Either because it found the answer, or hit the budget limit. Context as a Python variable, LLM as the programmer, REPL as the runtime. 𝐖𝐡𝐲 𝐃𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤 1. Richer Shell. Agents (and subagents) work by intermixing code and prose/thinking. But they use static scripts or bash that run and exit and start over each tool call. That's not ideal for exploration and synthesis of data. For that, state is useful to continue building and exploring the data as you learn more. There's a reason jupyter notebooks have been popular with data scientists. 2. Keeps main agent context clean. The better context you have the better the agent will perform (duh!). This means three thing: better human input, less missing search results, and less incorrect search results. Letting the agent iterate allows it to synthesize just what is needed and nothing else. All bad paths or peeks at something that turns out to be irrelevant stays out of main agent context. 3. Stack the good ideas! People often compare late interaction search vs RLM. Or static vs dynamic languages. Or agentic search vs semantic search. But...You can just use them all together for what they're each good at. Use them all for the area they're really great for. Read the full post which has more detail about how and why.

Isaac Flath

40,212 views • 2 months ago

Rhythm Ignites, Steps Intertwine—— Trailer of New 5-Star Interactive Memory Series [Heartbeats Ablaze] Released! 🎶Follow Love and Deepspace and Repost for a chance to win $50 (5 winners)! 🎶Event Duration: From 05:00 on Oct. 29 to 04:59 on Nov. 18 (Server Time) You can select three out of the five event-limited 5-Star Memories: [Xavier: Offbeat Track], [Zayne: Chilling Crescendo], [Rafayel: Ignited Echoes], [Sylus: Improvised Flow], and [Caleb: Passionate Overload]. The drop rate of the 3 Memories you selected will be significantly increased. Each time you obtain a 5-Star Memory, there's a 75% chance it will be one of the three Memories you selected. *Notes: 1. During the event, you can change your selected Memories at any time. If you obtain a 5-Star Memory in a wish, there's a 25% chance that it will be an unselected Memory or a permanent 5-Star Memory. 2. After the event ends, the five event-limited Memories will not be obtainable through other means and will not enter the permanent Wish Pool: Xspace Echo. 3. The Wish event features Precise Wish and a pity system. For more details, please check the in-game rule page. 🎶Claim Polar Night Memory-Themed BGM for Free From 05:00 on Oct. 29, obtain Memory from the [Heartbeats Ablaze] series and complete specific Memoria to claim the corresponding [Polar Night Memory-Themed BGM] for free as a reward of completing storyline tree nodes! 🎶Cumulative Wish Rewards During the event, after making a certain number of Wishes, you can claim various rewards: Universal Earrings [Heartwork Broadcast], [Deepspace Wish: Limited*20], His [Memory-Themed Outfits], selectable [Event-Limited 5-Star Memory], and more. *The cumulative rewards are only available during this wish event. 🎶Limited-Time Memory Growth Bonus During the event, by completing the growth tasks of the event-limited 5-Star Memories, you can claim various Upgrade and Ascension Materials. When the event-limited Memories reach Rank 1, you can claim the [Special-Colored Memory-Themed Outfit] for the corresponding love interest. 🎶Special: Memory-Themed Outfit Bonus Each Original or Special-Colored Outfit Set includes a Memory-Themed Outfit and three accessories. All can be used separately. *More content will be released with the version update. Please stay tuned! ——— 🪐Official Discord: #LoveandDeepspace #HeartbeatsAblaze
5:41

Rhythm Ignites, Steps Intertwine—— Trailer of New 5-Star Interactive Memory Series [Heartbeats Ablaze] Released! 🎶Follow Love and Deepspace and Repost for a chance to win $50 (5 winners)! 🎶Event Duration: From 05:00 on Oct. 29 to 04:59 on Nov. 18 (Server Time) You can select three out of the five event-limited 5-Star Memories: [Xavier: Offbeat Track], [Zayne: Chilling Crescendo], [Rafayel: Ignited Echoes], [Sylus: Improvised Flow], and [Caleb: Passionate Overload]. The drop rate of the 3 Memories you selected will be significantly increased. Each time you obtain a 5-Star Memory, there's a 75% chance it will be one of the three Memories you selected. *Notes: 1. During the event, you can change your selected Memories at any time. If you obtain a 5-Star Memory in a wish, there's a 25% chance that it will be an unselected Memory or a permanent 5-Star Memory. 2. After the event ends, the five event-limited Memories will not be obtainable through other means and will not enter the permanent Wish Pool: Xspace Echo. 3. The Wish event features Precise Wish and a pity system. For more details, please check the in-game rule page. 🎶Claim Polar Night Memory-Themed BGM for Free From 05:00 on Oct. 29, obtain Memory from the [Heartbeats Ablaze] series and complete specific Memoria to claim the corresponding [Polar Night Memory-Themed BGM] for free as a reward of completing storyline tree nodes! 🎶Cumulative Wish Rewards During the event, after making a certain number of Wishes, you can claim various rewards: Universal Earrings [Heartwork Broadcast], [Deepspace Wish: Limited*20], His [Memory-Themed Outfits], selectable [Event-Limited 5-Star Memory], and more. *The cumulative rewards are only available during this wish event. 🎶Limited-Time Memory Growth Bonus During the event, by completing the growth tasks of the event-limited 5-Star Memories, you can claim various Upgrade and Ascension Materials. When the event-limited Memories reach Rank 1, you can claim the [Special-Colored Memory-Themed Outfit] for the corresponding love interest. 🎶Special: Memory-Themed Outfit Bonus Each Original or Special-Colored Outfit Set includes a Memory-Themed Outfit and three accessories. All can be used separately. *More content will be released with the version update. Please stay tuned! ——— 🪐Official Discord: #LoveandDeepspace #HeartbeatsAblaze

Love and Deepspace

4,130,141 views • 8 months ago

THIS GUY BUILT AN AUTONOMOUS AI AGENT OUT OF CLAUDE CODE + OBSIDIAN and this is way more interesting than another “use AI to take notes” demo the trick is simple: Obsidian is not the writing app here. it becomes the agent’s memory, task board, and context folder. Claude Code is not just answering prompts. it reads the vault, edits files, follows instructions, and keeps moving through the work like a junior operator with a filesystem. the reusable setup looks like this: 1. create an Obsidian vault for one project 2. keep goals, rules, tasks, decisions, and references as markdown files 3. point Claude Code at the folder 4. give it a clear operating loop: read context → choose next task → execute → write back what changed 5. use the notes as persistent memory instead of re-explaining the project every chat that’s the part people miss. the “agent” is not magic. it’s the boring combination of: - local files - explicit rules - task state - write access - a model that can run through the repo/vault Obsidian makes the memory human-readable. Claude Code makes the memory executable. that combo is why the video worked: it turns a notes app into an operating surface for actual work. best use cases: - content systems - research vaults - coding projects - client ops docs - personal knowledge bases that need actions, not just storage the caveat: if your vault is messy, your agent becomes messy too. folders, naming, “done” criteria, and forbidden actions matter more than the prompt. but once the structure is clean, this is one of the easiest ways to build an agent that remembers what happened yesterday without paying for a full custom app.
10:19

THIS GUY BUILT AN AUTONOMOUS AI AGENT OUT OF CLAUDE CODE + OBSIDIAN and this is way more interesting than another “use AI to take notes” demo the trick is simple: Obsidian is not the writing app here. it becomes the agent’s memory, task board, and context folder. Claude Code is not just answering prompts. it reads the vault, edits files, follows instructions, and keeps moving through the work like a junior operator with a filesystem. the reusable setup looks like this: 1. create an Obsidian vault for one project 2. keep goals, rules, tasks, decisions, and references as markdown files 3. point Claude Code at the folder 4. give it a clear operating loop: read context → choose next task → execute → write back what changed 5. use the notes as persistent memory instead of re-explaining the project every chat that’s the part people miss. the “agent” is not magic. it’s the boring combination of: - local files - explicit rules - task state - write access - a model that can run through the repo/vault Obsidian makes the memory human-readable. Claude Code makes the memory executable. that combo is why the video worked: it turns a notes app into an operating surface for actual work. best use cases: - content systems - research vaults - coding projects - client ops docs - personal knowledge bases that need actions, not just storage the caveat: if your vault is messy, your agent becomes messy too. folders, naming, “done” criteria, and forbidden actions matter more than the prompt. but once the structure is clean, this is one of the easiest ways to build an agent that remembers what happened yesterday without paying for a full custom app.

kocer

30,403 views • 19 days ago