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The Apollo Guidance Computer used hand-woven core rope memory, physically hardwiring software into wires and magnetic cores. With just about 72 KB of permanent memory, it helped guide Apollo missions to the Moon.

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How programs for the Apollo guidance computer were woven into memory

How programs for the Apollo guidance computer were woven into memory

Fermat's Library

108,045 görüntüleme • 3 yıl önce

It was 1965 this is how permanent computer programming worked on the computers that got humanity—to the moon. These unsung hero programmers of Apollo—literally weaved us to the moon—through magnetic core memory—one weave at a time. The memory still works today. Astonishing.

It was 1965 this is how permanent computer programming worked on the computers that got humanity—to the moon. These unsung hero programmers of Apollo—literally weaved us to the moon—through magnetic core memory—one weave at a time. The memory still works today. Astonishing.

Brian Roemmele

11,099 görüntüleme • 2 ay önce

Ever wonder what 'RAM' looked like in the early days? This piece of magnetic core memory from a Soviet mainframe stores just 4,096 bits. Back then, it could cost as much as $1 per bit and was manually woven by hand! It is the cousin of the tech that powered the Apollo Moon landings. Because it’s made of iron toroids, it’s naturally resistant to cosmic radiation and won't lose data if the power cuts out. Before the era of radiation-hardened silicon, space travel relied on "weaving." It’s essentially "software" that was hand-woven into hardware.

Ever wonder what 'RAM' looked like in the early days? This piece of magnetic core memory from a Soviet mainframe stores just 4,096 bits. Back then, it could cost as much as $1 per bit and was manually woven by hand! It is the cousin of the tech that powered the Apollo Moon landings. Because it’s made of iron toroids, it’s naturally resistant to cosmic radiation and won't lose data if the power cuts out. Before the era of radiation-hardened silicon, space travel relied on "weaving." It’s essentially "software" that was hand-woven into hardware.

Cosmos Archive

106,055 görüntüleme • 8 ay önce

Computer scientist Ken Shirriff programmed an Apollo Guidance Computer to mine bitcoin. This was the onboard computer developed to navigate NASA’s Apollo spacecraft and control their engines during missions to the Moon. It weighed about 70 pounds and had roughly 4 KB of RAM. This particular unit never flew in space. Its owner had bought it from a scrapyard in the 1970s after NASA discarded it. Shirriff wrote custom code to make the 1960s machine perform SHA-256, the calculation used in Bitcoin mining. One calculation took 5.15 seconds, implying approximately 10.3 seconds for Bitcoin’s double hash. At the network difficulty in 2019, he estimated that finding a new block would take, on average, roughly a million times the age of the universe. His demonstration used a block that had already been mined. The computer reproduced the calculation; and never did earn bitcoin.

Computer scientist Ken Shirriff programmed an Apollo Guidance Computer to mine bitcoin. This was the onboard computer developed to navigate NASA’s Apollo spacecraft and control their engines during missions to the Moon. It weighed about 70 pounds and had roughly 4 KB of RAM. This particular unit never flew in space. Its owner had bought it from a scrapyard in the 1970s after NASA discarded it. Shirriff wrote custom code to make the 1960s machine perform SHA-256, the calculation used in Bitcoin mining. One calculation took 5.15 seconds, implying approximately 10.3 seconds for Bitcoin’s double hash. At the network difficulty in 2019, he estimated that finding a new block would take, on average, roughly a million times the age of the universe. His demonstration used a block that had already been mined. The computer reproduced the calculation; and never did earn bitcoin.

Documenting ₿itcoin 📄

35,537 görüntüleme • 23 gün önce

Before we had silicon chips, we had needle and thread. In the 1960s, NASA didn’t ‘upload’ code; they sewed it. To get Apollo 11 to the moon, skilled weavers (often called ‘Little Old Ladies’) literally hand-stitched software into physical objects.

Before we had silicon chips, we had needle and thread. In the 1960s, NASA didn’t ‘upload’ code; they sewed it. To get Apollo 11 to the moon, skilled weavers (often called ‘Little Old Ladies’) literally hand-stitched software into physical objects.

Massimo

299,045 görüntüleme • 2 ay önce

“Mona Lisa” – The humanoid Alien found by Apollo 20...🧐🤔 These videos were from the Apollo 20 mission. Apollo 20 was a covert Apollo missions to the moon to retrieve ancient alien technology. It is said that the Apollo 20 mission went inside this mother-ship and harvested the technology that they could find, including its alien pilot who was naked, but covered in clear wax like coating. They said she was not dead and not living, but in between. She was found attached to the pilot controls with several hoses going into her body.

“Mona Lisa” – The humanoid Alien found by Apollo 20...🧐🤔 These videos were from the Apollo 20 mission. Apollo 20 was a covert Apollo missions to the moon to retrieve ancient alien technology. It is said that the Apollo 20 mission went inside this mother-ship and harvested the technology that they could find, including its alien pilot who was naked, but covered in clear wax like coating. They said she was not dead and not living, but in between. She was found attached to the pilot controls with several hoses going into her body.

UFO mania

161,652 görüntüleme • 1 ay önce

To remember something you have to interact with it. The best way? Physically interact with it. Memory and motor systems collaborate to stamp information into your brain. Dr Alan Castel of UCLA, memory & aging expert. On the Huberman Lab podcast out now.

To remember something you have to interact with it. The best way? Physically interact with it. Memory and motor systems collaborate to stamp information into your brain. Dr Alan Castel of UCLA, memory & aging expert. On the Huberman Lab podcast out now.

Andrew D. Huberman, Ph.D.

81,427 görüntüleme • 3 ay önce

Apollo 17 LM Rendezvous HD 16mm footage of the Apollo 17 Lunar Module ascent stage as it rises from the Moon to rendezvous and dock with the Command Module in Lunar orbit. For the full video, see comments Upscaled, Interpolated and music by Mike Constantine Original Footage Source: Apollo Flight Journal

Apollo 17 LM Rendezvous HD 16mm footage of the Apollo 17 Lunar Module ascent stage as it rises from the Moon to rendezvous and dock with the Command Module in Lunar orbit. For the full video, see comments Upscaled, Interpolated and music by Mike Constantine Original Footage Source: Apollo Flight Journal

Mike Constantine

28,443 görüntüleme • 6 ay önce

Some people help write history. Margaret Hamilton helped write the software that got us there 🌖 Today we learned that Margaret Hamilton, one of the true pioneers of computing and software engineering, has passed away at the age of 90. Last year I made this video about the Apollo Guidance Computer, and especially about Margaret and the incredible team she led at MIT. It feels appropriate to share it again tonight in her honor. During Apollo 11’s descent to the Moon, the Guidance Computer suddenly began throwing the now-famous 1201 and 1202 alarms. It was overloaded at one of the worst possible moments. But it didn’t simply crash. The software Hamilton and her team had designed recognized what was happening, discarded lower-priority work, and kept the tasks necessary to land the Lunar Module running. That wasn’t luck. That was engineering. Margaret helped pioneer ideas like fault-tolerant software, asynchronous processing and priority scheduling at a time when “software engineering” itself was barely recognized as a discipline. She fought to change that too. We remember the astronauts because they walked on the Moon. We should also remember the engineers who made sure the computers could get them there. Margaret Hamilton was one of the greatest. I am always deeply honored when someone tells me I resemble her, which is a regular occurrence ☺️ Rest in peace, Margaret. And thank you for helping humanity make one giant leap 🌙💻 Music Piano Pill (YouTube).

Some people help write history. Margaret Hamilton helped write the software that got us there 🌖 Today we learned that Margaret Hamilton, one of the true pioneers of computing and software engineering, has passed away at the age of 90. Last year I made this video about the Apollo Guidance Computer, and especially about Margaret and the incredible team she led at MIT. It feels appropriate to share it again tonight in her honor. During Apollo 11’s descent to the Moon, the Guidance Computer suddenly began throwing the now-famous 1201 and 1202 alarms. It was overloaded at one of the worst possible moments. But it didn’t simply crash. The software Hamilton and her team had designed recognized what was happening, discarded lower-priority work, and kept the tasks necessary to land the Lunar Module running. That wasn’t luck. That was engineering. Margaret helped pioneer ideas like fault-tolerant software, asynchronous processing and priority scheduling at a time when “software engineering” itself was barely recognized as a discipline. She fought to change that too. We remember the astronauts because they walked on the Moon. We should also remember the engineers who made sure the computers could get them there. Margaret Hamilton was one of the greatest. I am always deeply honored when someone tells me I resemble her, which is a regular occurrence ☺️ Rest in peace, Margaret. And thank you for helping humanity make one giant leap 🌙💻 Music Piano Pill (YouTube).

Silicon Siren

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Go baby, GO!!!! 🚀 I am speechless. This lifetime core memory is still forming, but I have so much emotion: As GenX, I grew up with documentaries and movies about moon missions. And now I am here and got to see a NASA rocket launch astronauts to the moon. Proud American here.

Go baby, GO!!!! 🚀 I am speechless. This lifetime core memory is still forming, but I have so much emotion: As GenX, I grew up with documentaries and movies about moon missions. And now I am here and got to see a NASA rocket launch astronauts to the moon. Proud American here.

DJ

20,329 görüntüleme • 6 ay önce

About 12 seconds into this video, something unusual happens. The Earth begins to rise. Never seen by humans before, the rise of the Earth over the limb of the Moon occurred about 55.5 years ago and surprised and amazed the crew of Apollo 8. The crew immediately scrambled to take still images of the stunning vista caused by Apollo 8's orbit around the Moon. The featured video is a modern reconstruction of the event as it would have looked were it recorded with a modern movie camera. The colorful orb of our Earth stood out as a familiar icon rising above a distant and unfamiliar moonscape, the whole scene the conceptual reverse of a more familiar moonrise as seen from Earth. To many, the scene also spoke about the unity of humanity: that big blue marble -- that's us -- we all live there. The two-minute video is not time-lapse -- this is the real speed of the Earth rising through the windows of Apollo 8. Seven months and three missions later, Apollo 11 astronauts would not only circle Earth's moon, but land on it. Lead Animator: Ernie Wright; (USRA); Music: C Major Prelude by Johann Sebastian Bach

About 12 seconds into this video, something unusual happens. The Earth begins to rise. Never seen by humans before, the rise of the Earth over the limb of the Moon occurred about 55.5 years ago and surprised and amazed the crew of Apollo 8. The crew immediately scrambled to take still images of the stunning vista caused by Apollo 8's orbit around the Moon. The featured video is a modern reconstruction of the event as it would have looked were it recorded with a modern movie camera. The colorful orb of our Earth stood out as a familiar icon rising above a distant and unfamiliar moonscape, the whole scene the conceptual reverse of a more familiar moonrise as seen from Earth. To many, the scene also spoke about the unity of humanity: that big blue marble -- that's us -- we all live there. The two-minute video is not time-lapse -- this is the real speed of the Earth rising through the windows of Apollo 8. Seven months and three missions later, Apollo 11 astronauts would not only circle Earth's moon, but land on it. Lead Animator: Ernie Wright; (USRA); Music: C Major Prelude by Johann Sebastian Bach

NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day

348,101 görüntüleme • 2 yıl önce

NASA Drops Bombshell, Finally Admits 'We Didn't Go To the Moon' NASA just dropped the mother of all bombshells, and the mainstream media quickly covered it up. They've finally admitted it: we never went to the Moon. The Apollo landings? Total Hollywood production.

NASA Drops Bombshell, Finally Admits 'We Didn't Go To the Moon' NASA just dropped the mother of all bombshells, and the mainstream media quickly covered it up. They've finally admitted it: we never went to the Moon. The Apollo landings? Total Hollywood production.

TPV Sean

86,775 görüntüleme • 10 ay önce

The Artemis II crew has proposed to name two new moon craters - one in honour of their spacecraft 'Integrity' and the other in memory of Reid Wiseman's late wife, Carroll, who died of cancer in 2020. The name proposals came after the crew travelled the farthest distance from Earth, breaking the record set by Apollo 13. 🔗

The Artemis II crew has proposed to name two new moon craters - one in honour of their spacecraft 'Integrity' and the other in memory of Reid Wiseman's late wife, Carroll, who died of cancer in 2020. The name proposals came after the crew travelled the farthest distance from Earth, breaking the record set by Apollo 13. 🔗

Sky News

48,164 görüntüleme • 6 ay önce

SCIENTISTS TURN LIGHT INTO A MEMORY SYSTEM Scientists built a tiny photonic chip and sent identical photons through it, expecting messy quantum behavior. Instead, the light started acting like a memory system, forming patterns that match a classic AI model used for associative memory. In simple terms, the interference between photons did the math needed to store and recall patterns. No brain, no computer, just light physics doing the computing. Source: NewsForce

SCIENTISTS TURN LIGHT INTO A MEMORY SYSTEM Scientists built a tiny photonic chip and sent identical photons through it, expecting messy quantum behavior. Instead, the light started acting like a memory system, forming patterns that match a classic AI model used for associative memory. In simple terms, the interference between photons did the math needed to store and recall patterns. No brain, no computer, just light physics doing the computing. Source: NewsForce

NewsForce

29,578 görüntüleme • 7 ay önce

Gemini 1.5 Pro can analyze, classify and summarize huge quantities of information – including documents with thousands of pages. 📄 When given a 402-page transcript from Apollo 11’s mission to the moon, it was able to reason about conversations and events it finds. ↓

Gemini 1.5 Pro can analyze, classify and summarize huge quantities of information – including documents with thousands of pages. 📄 When given a 402-page transcript from Apollo 11’s mission to the moon, it was able to reason about conversations and events it finds. ↓

Google DeepMind

214,569 görüntüleme • 2 yıl önce

When humanity stepped beyond Earth on July 20, 1969, a Hasselblad camera became part of that defining moment. Engineered to endure the harsh conditions of space, the Hasselblad Data Camera documented the Apollo missions with uncompromising precision, capturing the first moments of human presence on the Moon. While the cameras themselves remained on the lunar surface, the images they created returned to Earth—becoming an enduring part of human history and collective memory. 🌕 #Hasselblad #HasselbladDataCamera #Apollo11 #SpaceExploration #MoonLanding #NASA #HistoryInTheMaking #HumanAchievement #AviationAndSpace #FilmPhotography

When humanity stepped beyond Earth on July 20, 1969, a Hasselblad camera became part of that defining moment. Engineered to endure the harsh conditions of space, the Hasselblad Data Camera documented the Apollo missions with uncompromising precision, capturing the first moments of human presence on the Moon. While the cameras themselves remained on the lunar surface, the images they created returned to Earth—becoming an enduring part of human history and collective memory. 🌕 #Hasselblad #HasselbladDataCamera #Apollo11 #SpaceExploration #MoonLanding #NASA #HistoryInTheMaking #HumanAchievement #AviationAndSpace #FilmPhotography

Hasselblad

26,743 görüntüleme • 6 ay önce

Pope Paul VI's message to Apollo 11 upon landing on the Moon: "Honor, greetings and blessings to you, conquerors of the Moon, pale lamp of our nights and our dreams! Bring to it, with your living presence, the voice of the Spirit, a hymn to God, our Creator and our Father."

Pope Paul VI's message to Apollo 11 upon landing on the Moon: "Honor, greetings and blessings to you, conquerors of the Moon, pale lamp of our nights and our dreams! Bring to it, with your living presence, the voice of the Spirit, a hymn to God, our Creator and our Father."

Catholic Arena

70,675 görüntüleme • 6 ay önce

Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who helped NASA land on the moon, has died. She was 90. As a young mathematician at MIT, Hamilton was the first female programmer to work on the Apollo project in the 1960s. She went on to lead the 100-person team that wrote software for the moon mission. In recent years, a 1969 photograph of Hamilton standing next to the printed code for the lunar landing went viral on social media. In 2016, President Barack Obama awarded Hamilton the Medal of Freedom, saying her work "set the foundation" for modern software engineering.

Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who helped NASA land on the moon, has died. She was 90. As a young mathematician at MIT, Hamilton was the first female programmer to work on the Apollo project in the 1960s. She went on to lead the 100-person team that wrote software for the moon mission. In recent years, a 1969 photograph of Hamilton standing next to the printed code for the lunar landing went viral on social media. In 2016, President Barack Obama awarded Hamilton the Medal of Freedom, saying her work "set the foundation" for modern software engineering.

PBS News

32,206 görüntüleme • 3 gün önce

🚨NASA crashed a spacecraft into the moon and it rang like a bell for an hour. On November 20, 1969, Apollo 12 deliberately crashed its lunar module into the moon's surface and seismometers recorded vibrations lasting almost an hour. When they repeated the experiment with Apollo 13's rocket stage, it rang for nearly four hours. NASA geophysicist Gordon MacDonald published a paper stating the data suggested "the Moon is more like a hollow than a homogeneous sphere." The moon is tidally locked, has only 60 percent of Earth's density, and no model fully explains how it got here.

🚨NASA crashed a spacecraft into the moon and it rang like a bell for an hour. On November 20, 1969, Apollo 12 deliberately crashed its lunar module into the moon's surface and seismometers recorded vibrations lasting almost an hour. When they repeated the experiment with Apollo 13's rocket stage, it rang for nearly four hours. NASA geophysicist Gordon MacDonald published a paper stating the data suggested "the Moon is more like a hollow than a homogeneous sphere." The moon is tidally locked, has only 60 percent of Earth's density, and no model fully explains how it got here.

American Alchemy

39,766 görüntüleme • 6 ay önce