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The Venezuela Timeline that EXPLAINS it's collapse. - Chávez didn’t seize power overnight. - Terms started at 5 years, then became 6. He rewrote the constitution, abolished the Senate, extended term limits, and ruled by enabling acts. Daniel says the legal pathway looked disturbingly familiar — history doesn’t repeat,...

22,394 views • 6 months ago •via X (Twitter)

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QUESTION: What is the relationship between section 91(2)—the term limit provision—and section 95(2)—the term length provision in the Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013)? ANSWER: Section 91(2) is the term-limit provision. It regulates the President’s tenure by limiting the length of time that he or she may hold or occupy the Presidency as a public officer to a maximum of two terms—whether consecutive or not—where three or more years’ service is deemed a full term. By contrast, section 95(2) is the term-length provision. It regulates the electoral cycle of the Presidency as an office or institution by defining a single term as five years (now proposed to be seven years under Clause 4 of the Constitution of Zimbabwe (Amendment No. 3) H.B. 1 Bill, 2026). The relationship between sections 91(2) and 95(2) is therefore as clear and straightforward as that between a truck driver and a 500 km highway: section 91(2) limits the driver, while section 95(2) defines the length of the highway. Section 91(2) caps the time any individual may occupy the Presidency; section 95(2) sets the institutional length or duration of each presidential term or electoral cycle. This distinction matters because a persistent misconception claims that section 91(2) is not the presidential term-limit provision but merely a qualification rule for election as President, asserts that section 95(2) is the actual term-limit clause. Many who advance this incorrect view rely on one sentence in the obiter dictum by Patel JCC at paragraph 50 of the precedent-setting judgment in Marx Mupungu v Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs & 6 Ors (CCZ 7/21, 2021) [see: which includes section 95(2) among examples of term-limit provisions. That misconception overlooks a fundamental constitutional imperative: a presidential term-limit provision is, by definition, a disqualifier for election as President. Term limits on presidents are necessarily about elections. They limit qualification for election. Where there is no presidential term limit, re-election is unlimited. In a recent discussion with D. Tinashé Hofisi on 23 April 2026 [ on the Constitution of Zimbabwe (Amendment No. 3) Bill hosted by The Southern African Times, I explained the relationship between the two sections. Below is the verbatim text of the attached clip extracted from the discussion addressing the import of section 91(2) and its relationship with section 95(2): ME: “It’s a clear term limit provision; is similar to term limit provisions in other jurisdictions that are comparable to Zimbabwe. And when you say it doesn’t have time, it doesn’t make reference to time, I’m at a loss as to what that means, and where that is coming from, with respect to Dr Hofisi, because it says a person is disqualified for election as President or appointment as Vice President if he or she has already held office as President under this constitution for two terms. This is the only section which tells us how many terms a President is limited to. Section 95 doesn’t even tell us that he’s limited to one term. There’s no limit. This one limits the President to two terms. And the two terms, the last time I checked, was a reference to time. And in this case, the section doesn’t leave us doubting or not knowing what a term is or what sort of time a term is. Because it continues to say these two terms are counted whether they follow each other or not. But most significantly, for the purpose of the limit on the President, the term limit on the President, which is provided in this section: three or more years. That’s time. You said there’s no time here. Three years is time. The length of time is three years minimum, and the maximum is more. It’s not defined here. It’s three or more years. It’s more because that is subject to what the relevant law about electoral cycles says is the electoral cycle of the institution that the President occupies”. [verbatim text of clip from The 500 km Highway Metaphor: Distinguishing Sections 91(2) and 95(2) of the Constitution To clearly understand the relationship between sections 91(2) and 95(2), imagine the Presidency as a magnificent 500-kilometre highway built and maintained by section 95(2) of the Constitution. This provision creates the presidential highway itself: it defines the office of the President as a permanent public institution and sets the exact length of each single term — currently five years, now proposed under the Bill to be seven years. It establishes a structured, recurring electoral cycle that belongs to the people of Zimbabwe, ensuring regular, orderly renewal of leadership. Without section 95(2), there would be no defined road — only an open plain of indefinite power. Section 91(2) governs the individual truck driver on that highway. It imposes an absolute lifetime limit: no person may complete more than two full trips along this 500 km highway, whether those trips are taken back-to-back or years apart. Any segment of 300 kilometres or more — that is, three or more years in office — counts as one complete trip. There are no partial credits or exceptions. After two full trips, the driver is permanently disqualified from driving on that highway, again. The distinction is sharp and deliberate: Section 95(2) builds the highway and determines the length of each journey. Section 91(2) limits how many times any single individual is permitted to travel it. One structures the office; the other limits the person who occupies it. Together, they form the Constitution’s twin safeguards — working in perfect harmony to keep power temporary, accountable, and subordinate to the will of the people. To conflate their distinct roles is to weaken these vital safeguards and to invite the very tyranny the Constitution was written to prevent. The Profound and Protective Meaning of “Three or More Years” in Section 91(2) of the Constitution At the heart of section 91(2) lies one of the Constitution’s most brilliant safeguards: “for the purpose of this subsection, three or more years’ service is deemed to be a full term.” The word “more” is no mere drafting flourish—it is deliberate constitutional genius. It declares that section 91(2), as the personal lifetime term-limit provision, imposes no rigid numerical ceiling. Subject to what is reasonable and justifiable in a constitutional democracy under section 95(2), service of four years, five years, six years, seven years, or even longer—once it exceeds the three-year threshold—is unequivocally deemed a complete term for the purpose of lifetime disqualification. This flexibility is not a loophole; it is a wise design that refuses to let the term-limit clause under section 91(2) become brittle or easily evaded. This open-ended “more” is anchored in section 91(2)’s harmonious relationship with section 95(2)(b), which defines the official electoral cycle of the Presidency as a permanent public institution whose five-year lifespan is inextricably intertwined with that of Parliament. Section 91(2) places an iron-clad personal disqualification on the individual; section 95(2) defines the dimensions of the highway itself. Crucially, section 95(2) is not a term-limit provision under subsections (1) and (7) of section 328. Unlike the referendum-protected personal term limit in section 91(2), it may be amended by Parliament under section 328(5) without a national referendum. This distinction is no accident; it is constitutional wisdom. It allows the institutional framework of the Presidency to evolve with the nation’s needs while the unbreakable personal lifetime bar on any single individual remains forever sacrosanct. All told, sections 91(2) and 95(2) differ in character and purpose—one limits the President, the other structures the public office or institution of the Presidency—yet they stand together as the Constitution’s twin guardians. This elegant complementarity keeps presidential power temporary, accountable, and forever subordinate to the sovereign will of the people through the institution or office of the Presidency. To respect and defend this relationship is to honour the very soul of the Constitution: ensuring that no individual can ever turn the highway into their driveway—turning the public office into a personal fiefdom—and that the highway of governance remains open, regularly renewed, and eternally in faithful service to the people of Zimbabwe. This is the promise the Constitution makes!

Prof Jonathan Moyo

12,781 views • 2 months ago

President Emmerson Mnangagwa's spokesman George Charamba, who is also the Deputy Chief Secretary, Presidential Communications in the Office of the President and Cabinet, has provoked a storm of controversy by claiming that parliament trumps a national referendum on constitutional amendment issues currently being debated through a legislative public consultation process. Mnangagwa and his party are using parliament to amend the constitution to extend his rule to 2030 and introduce a raft of other significant changes without going through a referendum, which civil society and opposition activists insist is a requirement in terms of the constitution. The 2013 constitution mandates that any extension of presidential term limits or removal of two five-year term limits must be approved by voters through a referendum. Critics say extending terms from five to seven years, or changing the electoral system constitutes a major subversion of this clause, requiring a referendum. However, Mnangagwa and his allies say a referendum is not needed as they are not removing term limits, but elongating the term lengths and changing the electoral cycle. Zanu PF says the amendment is not a change to the limit of two terms, but rather the length of each term (five to seven years), meaning a referendum is not constitutionally mandated. They say the amendments are meant to ensure political stability and remove "election mode toxicity," disrupting peace, governance and development. The debate centres over holding a referendum on the proposed amendments, specifically Constitution Amendment Bill No.3, which proposes extending Mnangagwa's tenure by two years andpresidential and parliamentary terms from five to seven years as well as changing the presidential election system from direct voting through popular franchise to indirect selection via parliament. The ruling Zanu PF party controls parliament, leading to calls for a popular referendum to approve these significant changes, which critics argue violate the 2013 constitution's democratic intent. Charamba said: “Those who were old enough to participate and follow proceedings of 2013 will know that even after the referendum, that outcome of the referendum still had to be processed through Parliament. What that means is that, a referendum does not usurp the power of Parliament. It simply provides a popular basis for legislative action. Otherwise, at law, the body which is recognized as responsible for any changes, be they at the level of the primary law or at the level of subsidiary laws, is Parliament. Right? So, really, you can't place the referendum in apposition to Parliament. You can't. You just cannot because the referendum does not give you a result that writes the constitution. It is parliament which is mandated to do so in terms of our law. So, really, there shouldn't be any argument at all in respect of that matter. Right?.”

TheNewsHawks

16,579 views • 3 months ago

With the recent defamation lawsuit filed by members of the McCabe/Albert group, there’s now a lot of focus on what people have said publicly. But to understand why people have been asking questions over the past 3 years… you have to go back to the testimony and the timeline itself. Colin says he was at Mike Leonetti’s house and admits he doesn’t remember how he got there but remembers he was drinking Bud Lights So right off the bat we have memory gaps about how his night even started. He testifies that Allie McCabe picked him up and brought him to Fairview between 10:30–11:00 PM From the actual texts when Colin wanted a ride home at 11:54 Colin texts Allie “U can get me now. If easier”, At 11:55 PM She responds and at 12:10 AM She texts “here” Now from Allie’s testimony, She says she had Avery and Danielle in the car, dropped them off, Then went to another friend’s house, Then came back to pick Colin up. All between 11:54 PM and 12:10 AM. Where exactly was she when she got the text? She says she doesn’t really remember What route did she take to Fairview? She doesn’t remember Where did she park? “I believe the driveway… not entirely sure” How long between “here” and Colin coming out? “A few minutes” Meanwhile, Colin’s Version of That Same Moment He Says after getting the “here” text, he came out in about 30 seconds to a minute,Says he exited through the side door near the garage, Says he saw uncle Brian Albert and Auntie Nicole Albert but Nicole Albert Says she came in the front door and bumped into Colin and that He told her he was leaving because his ride was coming. Meanwhile, Brian Albert Says he came in the side door and that Colin was the kitchen no more than 5 minutes and that he went to the bathroom and when he came out, Colin was gone Allie says She drove him straight home, No stops, About a 5-minute drive, BUT, She can’t recall the route Colin says His parents were already in bed, He went upstairs to say goodnight But We know his father didn’t leave the bar until 12:14 AM The only hard evidence presented for this timeline is A screenshot of text messages Everything else? Testimony, Memory, Recollection When you have a witness who doesn’t remember how the night started, a tight timeline with multiple stops compressed into minutes, conflicting recollections about movements and timing, and limited physical evidence to anchor it all, is it unreasonable for people to ask questions? This isn’t about claiming what happened. It’s about acknowledging what doesn’t clearly make sense yet.

Dixie Normus

30,553 views • 2 months ago

🚨WOW!!!! A Vietnam vet gave up his dream car, a '69 Mustang Mach 1, to raise his 6 sons. He never let them see what it cost him. 50 years later, his youngest traded away his OWN Mustang to track down the exact car... and handed his dad the keys on Father's Day. His name is Daniel Allen and he came home from the Vietnam war and bought his dream car. It was a white 1969 Mustang Mach 1. Black hood, red stripes, four-speed. And then he gave it up. Because one baby became two. Then three. Then six sons. And a two-door muscle car can't raise a family. So Daniel traded away his dream, the way good fathers do. He never made his boys feel the cost of it. But his youngest son, Shane, was always listening. Every time his dad told the story of "the one that got away," it stuck. The two of them even made a tradition of it, going to Father's Day car shows together, hunting for Mustangs, reminiscing. So this year, Shane found it. A white '69 Mach 1, exactly like the one his father described for decades. He traded away his OWN restored Mustang GT to get it, then had it repainted and reupholstered to match his dad's memory down to the detail. And to get it, he traded away his OWN restored Mustang. On Father's Day, at their car show, Daniel walked past a Mach 1 and noticed a name tag hanging from the mirror that read "Daniel." He figured it was a coincidence. Half-joking, he said, "Where are my keys?" His son reached out and put the keys in his hand and told him to fire it up. This grown man. This veteran. He climbed out of that car, asked his son how on earth he'd pulled it off, and when Shane told him he'd traded his own custom Mustang to do it... ...Daniel broke down and wrapped his boy in his arms. Fifty years later, the dream he laid down for his kids... his kid handed right back to him. God bless the Allen family. That's what it's all about.

Matt Van Swol

708,381 views • 13 days ago

I have listened to the debate on Constitutional Amendment Bill No. 3 between legal scholar Dr Justice Mavedzenge and political scientist Prof Jonathan Moyo today on Twitter. Without any doubt, Dr Justice Mavedzenge explained, clarified, and made ordinary people understand the issues, and more importantly, in my humble view, he won the debate on whether there is need for Constitutional Amendment Bill No. 3 to be subjected to a referendum or not. Anything done for the people, as Prof Jonathan Moyo says these monumental amendments are, should be subjected to the people. The Constitution is not ambiguous on this. It is clear that term limits should be subjected to a referendum for any change to be done legally. Under Section 328 of the Constitution of Zimbabwe, any amendment that seeks to extend the length of time a President may hold office, or to remove or alter term limits in a way that benefits an incumbent, cannot apply to the sitting President and must be subjected to constitutional safeguards. You cannot claim to be doing something for the people and yet deny those same people the right to have a say. Prof Jonathan Moyo has a right to his views, but those views must be subjected to the law for the amendments to be implemented legally, and based on what I have read in our Constitution, his views are not aligned with the law. And I am not making this up. It is in the Constitution. Even veteran Zimbabwean lawyer and former ZANUPF legal secretary, Patrick Chinamasa, has said so. In this video, he explains in front of President Mnangagwa that what they are attempting to do today, which Prof Jonathan Moyo argues does not require a referendum, would in fact require two referendums. One to remove or alter presidential term limits from five to seven years, and another to extend the sitting president’s tenure to 2030. This position was declared, and not contradicted, at a ZANUPF conference in Bulawayo. What the broader legal fraternity in Zimbabwe is saying, save for a few lawyers who have since revised their positions and now echo the same view, is that the Constitution is explicit on these prescripts. Anything else is political propaganda to win hearts and minds. The problem with propaganda is that it cannot be anchored in constitutional provisions. It rests on opinion. In this instance, however, we are not expressing opinions. We are stating what is contained in the Constitution and what ZANUPF itself has previously acknowledged. You can decide today that you want a 20-year presidential term. That is your right to hold that view, but you must subject that proposition to the law. If you believe in it, take it to the citizens in the manner prescribed by the Constitution. You cannot decide, through opinion or political argument, whether a referendum is required or not. That question is not settled by what anyone thinks. It is settled by what the law says. If the Constitution requires a referendum, then you must subject yourself to it. That is how constitutional democracy works. We know that the judiciary in Zimbabwe is captured. We know how they are going to rule, but the whole world knows the truth, that if they rule in favour of these amendments going ahead without a referendum, they are simply a captured judiciary without the respect that is required for anyone holding such an important office, and history will remember them as such.

Hopewell Chin’ono

62,293 views • 5 months ago

Former St. Cloud City Councilman Jeff Johnson exposes how Minnesota's decline has been ignored for years He says Minnesota is becoming so much like Somalia he actually created a Resolution to stop refugee resettlement. He was the sole supporter and it failed “It's becoming more like Somalia. Within maybe a year or so after I proposed that resolution and I was the only one standing in favor of it, I was facing hurricane force winds. A gentleman by the name of Dr. John Palmer who's a retired professor now did a study and he took data from the state demographer. He looked at education, looked at health care, looked at housing, and every one of those metrics it was in the red. And he found clearly that the data suggests that in terms of a better community, we're going down. We were not improving at all. There's a great book out there called the Stealth Invasion, and we're seeing this. It's becoming more brazen, where you have folks, for example, Dearborn, Michigan, where you have Islamic folks that take over the city council. And I'll tell you straight out, you know this, that the Constitution is not compatible with Sharia law or Islamic faith. It's just not. They're two different entities. It's like oil and water. We're seeing changes there. We're looking at Minneapolis, it's the same thing. Ran into a gentleman that he said that, you, go down here, there's so much empty space now, the violence is through the roof, the carjackings, people are leaving Minnesota. — We're going from bad to worse. Some of the tax increases, 20% and higher. The evidence is overwhelming. We're not improving our quality of life. Getting worse.”

Wall Street Apes

70,042 views • 6 months ago