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this AI engineering breakdown from IBM Technology is pure f*cking treasure it explains the role as a connected system 01 Python and APIs give you the surface to build on: services, data, integrations, and the software around the model 02 RAG and embeddings solve the context layer: finding the...

13,505 views • 11 days ago •via X (Twitter)

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FIVE LAYERS OF AGENT ENGINEERING, EACH ONE WRAPS THE ONE BELOW IT. IF YOU SKIP LAYER 2, YOUR LAYER 5 WILL LOOK BROKEN WHEN IT IS ACTUALLY JUST STANDING ON NOTHING. for weeks i debated harness vs loop vs graph like they were competing choices. then a stack diagram made the shape obvious. they are not choices. they are floors. 01 | prompt engineering. the message. unit of work: one input. inputs are role, instructions, examples, format. output is a single raw response. 02 | context engineering. the memory. unit of work: what stays in the window. a curator selects, compresses, and drops from query, docs, memory, prior turns, and tool outputs before the prompt runs. 03 | harness engineering. the machine. unit of work: the machine itself. gather (context + prompt) → LLM → tools or sub-agents → verifier → final response. the article calls this the operating environment. 04 | loop engineering. the system. unit of work: the run. goal + success criteria + max iterations + budget + completion check wrap around one harness pass. failed pass appends results to context and retries. 05 | graph engineering. the topology. unit of work: the graph run. goal + nodes + edges + state schema. graph routes to agent nodes, tool nodes, or human approval. a reviewer node with a different model and fresh context checks the final answer. the wrapping is the whole point. layer 5 assumes layer 4 works. layer 4 assumes layer 3 works. skip layer 2 and layer 3's verifier keeps failing without a clear reason. this is why swapping the model is a one-day project and swapping the stack is a quarter. the model is the commodity. the five layers around it are the engineering. full three-layer breakdown of the top of the stack (harness, loop, graph) in the post below.

kocer

31,198 views • 1 month ago

If you are trying to understand where AI agents are going, learn harness engineering. A capable model is only one part of an agent system. Once the model begins reading files, calling tools, modifying state and working across many steps, the quality of the system depends increasingly on the software around it. Consider a coding agent working through a large repository. The model can decide that it needs to inspect a file, search for a symbol, make an edit or run a test, but those decisions do not execute themselves. The surrounding runtime has to decide which resources are available, whether the requested action is permitted, how the operation should be performed, what result should be retained, and what information should be presented to the model on the next step. This becomes harder as the run gets longer. As history accumulates, replaying everything can become costly and less effective. The harness has to decide what should remain in context, what should be summarized or retrieved later, and what belongs in persistent state outside the context window. Execution has similar problems. A long-running agent may need to survive an interruption, avoid repeating completed work, enforce permissions around consequential actions, and preserve enough history to reconstruct what happened when the final result is wrong. These are harness problems. The harness is the layer that manages context, tools, execution, state, checkpoints, limits and traces around the model. Harness engineering is the work of designing and improving that layer. Engineers inspect execution traces, evaluate agents on representative tasks, look for recurring failure modes, and then change things such as context selection, tool interfaces, state handling or execution controls. That last part matters because agent failures are often not fixed by changing the model. Sometimes the useful change is in what the model sees, how a tool is exposed, what state is preserved, or what the runtime does after a failed step. As agents take on longer tasks, the demands on this surrounding software grow. Model capability remains essential, but harness engineering is what turns that capability into an execution process that can be controlled, inspected, tested and improved.

Tech with Mak

46,947 views • 3 days ago

Kimi K3 + GPT-6 Astra can become something bigger than two agents: a Two-Brain AI Operating System the formula: Two-Brain OS = Research Brain + Execution Brain + Shared State + Router + Tools + Verification not two models doing the same job. two specialized brains connected through one persistent system step 1 -> Kimi K3 becomes the research brain. complex research, source comparison, long-context synthesis and strategic planning happen here. its job is to explore the problem and compress the findings into a clear plan. step 2 -> GPT-6 Astra becomes the execution brain. it receives the plan, writes code, operates tools, creates artifacts and turns decisions into finished work. step 3 -> build a shared state layer. store the objective, evidence, decisions, constraints, failed attempts and next action outside the chat. both brains always know what happened and where the system should continue. step 4 -> add the router. uncertainty and open-ended questions move to Kimi K3. execution, tool use and deterministic tasks move to GPT-6 Astra. every job reaches the brain designed to handle it. step 5 -> create the handoff loop: research -> plan -> execute -> inspect -> update state -> continue. if execution reveals missing information, the task returns to Kimi. if the plan is ready, Astra takes control again. step 6 -> verify before completion. tests, source checks, constraints and explicit success criteria decide whether the result ships or returns to the correct brain with a clear failure signal. that is the difference between using two AI models and building a Two-Brain AI Operating System. Kimi K3 expands the search space. GPT-6 Astra converts it into action. shared state preserves progress, the router controls every handoff, tools execute the work and verification decides when the system is actually finished. one model can generate an answer. two specialized brains connected through memory, routing and verification can run an entire workflow. the full Kimi K3 + GPT-6 Astra Two-Brain OS breakdown is below ↓

Alex

23,962 views • 17 days ago

Don't train the model, evolve the harness. I read a brilliant blog post from Hugging Face where they took a frozen open model scoring 0% on a hard legal agent benchmark, left its weights alone, and let an automated loop rewrite only the code around it. That code layer is the harness, the runtime wrapper that feeds the model context, runs its tool calls, and decides when a run ends. By the time the loop finished, the system had essentially matched Sonnet 4.6 on the benchmark's headline metric, at roughly 7x lower cost per task. Zero weights changed. The gain existed because of where the model was failing. The judge only grades files saved in the right place under the exact requested filename, and the model kept doing the legal analysis correctly, then saving it under the wrong name, dropping it in a scratch folder, or never writing it at all. So the 0% was never measuring legal reasoning. It was measuring the harness. Hand-tuning that layer is slow and model-specific, so they automated it. A Claude proposer adds exactly one mechanism per iteration, and an outer loop keeps it only if it clearly beats the current best, so accepted mechanisms compound. What the loop discovered says a lot about where agents actually fail. → The biggest single gain was file handling, not intelligence. An automatic step that lands the deliverable exactly where the judge expects it beat every prompt change, with zero extra model tokens. → Code fixes transferred across models, prompt playbooks did not. The same harness lifted a smaller model from the same family by 14 points, but the tuned prompts hurt a different model family on tasks it could already finish. → The harness mattered more than anything else. Same model, same judge, same tasks, and five different harnesses scored anywhere between 3.5% and 80.1%. The gains do eventually flatten, and the remaining misses look like real capability gaps. At some point the wrapper runs out of tricks and the model has to carry the work. But the lesson holds. A benchmark score measures the model and its harness together, and until the harness is fixed, it's impossible to know which one failed. I highly recommend reading this: I also wrote a deep dive on agent harness engineering a while back, covering the orchestration loop, tools, memory, context management, and everything that turns a stateless LLM into a capable agent. The article is quoted below.

Akshay 🚀

245,379 views • 2 months ago