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This is a Kinesin Molecule. These little molecular machines are commonly referred to as the "workhorse" of the cell, hauling important cargo like organelles, proteins and other cellular structures to their proper location within the cell. Kinesins are very clear & undeniable evidence of the intelligent design in Life.... Kinesins are complex molecular machines, made up of 4 total proteins, each between 500-1,300 amino acids in length. If these aa sequences are not perfectly aligned from the beginning, Kinesin never forms, and cellular life would be unable to survive. Here is how they work: When a new protein, organelle, or other cellular structure is created in the Cytosol of the cell, they are constructed with built-in "binding tags," which are like shipping labels that bind to other protein molecules called Adaptor or Scaffold Proteins. These Adaptor/Scaffold Proteins then attach to the Kinesin's tail, which activates them, and then the Kinesin is guided along the microtubule track to its to its final destination. Kinesin walk on self-assembling tracks of other proteins, called microtubules, moving cargo from the inner area of the cell where they are constructed to the outer edges where they function. This is a complex & sophisticated interdependent network of molecular machines, all relying on one another to function properly for the health of the cell. This Intracellular Transportation system MUST be fully functional from the beginning - with all these working parts, or all of it fails, and the cell dies. Without this entire functioning system, Life could not exist. And the Kinesin is the centerpiece to all of it. Experiments have shown that disrupting Kinesin activity has catastrophic consequences. This type of nano-precision is an obvious example of designed engineering. Blind, unguided evolutionary processes cannot plan ahead and create complex informational highways for precision transportation. The proposed evolutionary explanation is simply "co-option." A nebulous term which basically amounts to, "We don't know how it evolved, but it must have evolved from some other thing that was similar in the past." No observational data supports evolutionary co-option. It's absurd to believe any part of this was built by blind chance. Everything in the cell points to Intelligent Design.show more

Divinely Designed

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This is how DNA turns coded information into functional proteins - the building blocks of the nanomachines that keep the cells in your body alive. This complex process highlights the sophisticated interconnected systems of Life which must all exist together from the beginning, or Life doesn't happen. First, an RNA molecule is copied from a short segment of DNA. Without the specifically ordered DNA information, RNA cannot form, proteins cannot be built, cells stop working, and life ceases to exist. Life is information first. Once the RNA Molecule is created, it gets ejected from the Polymerase where it was built, and it travels through a complex molecular machine called a Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), which is an information recognition device that controls the flow of information in and out of a cell's nucleus. The NPC is highly complex - composed of about 500-1,000 protein subunits, derived from a set of about 35 distinct proteins. Without this molecular machine, there is no regulation for what goes in and out of the cell's nucleus, which would lead to catastrophic death for the cell. It must exist for cells to exist. Once the RNA Molecule passes through the NPC, it travels to the Ribosome, a 2-part chemical factory which reads the information on RNA and uses it to construct functional proteins using a specifically sequenced chain of amino acids. Once complete, this protein will then be sent to the section of the cell it belongs to integrate into another molecular machine and do its job. The Ribosome is another highly complex molecular machine - consisting of between 56-80 proteins. Without this molecular machines, proteins cannot be built. Proteins are the building blocks of every cell in every organism on Earth. Without Ribosomes, Life doesn't exist. If you're paying attention, you'll start to realize that Life relies on a highly sophisticated interdependent network of complex machines, which all rely on each other for the function of the system. DNA requires the cell for stability, but the cell requires the proteins for its structure and function, but those proteins require DNA and RNA to be built - it's a circle of necessary interdependence. Systems like this cannot be built by evolutionary processes, which requires that each piece of the process is built by gradual incremental means over lots of time. Without all the pieces there, from the beginning, none of it works. There is only one known source of complex & interdependent informational systems like those we find in life: and that is from Intelligence. Molecular Biology is the best and most obvious evidence of the Intelligent Design in Life.

This is how DNA turns coded information into functional proteins - the building blocks of the nanomachines that keep the cells in your body alive. This complex process highlights the sophisticated interconnected systems of Life which must all exist together from the beginning, or Life doesn't happen. First, an RNA molecule is copied from a short segment of DNA. Without the specifically ordered DNA information, RNA cannot form, proteins cannot be built, cells stop working, and life ceases to exist. Life is information first. Once the RNA Molecule is created, it gets ejected from the Polymerase where it was built, and it travels through a complex molecular machine called a Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), which is an information recognition device that controls the flow of information in and out of a cell's nucleus. The NPC is highly complex - composed of about 500-1,000 protein subunits, derived from a set of about 35 distinct proteins. Without this molecular machine, there is no regulation for what goes in and out of the cell's nucleus, which would lead to catastrophic death for the cell. It must exist for cells to exist. Once the RNA Molecule passes through the NPC, it travels to the Ribosome, a 2-part chemical factory which reads the information on RNA and uses it to construct functional proteins using a specifically sequenced chain of amino acids. Once complete, this protein will then be sent to the section of the cell it belongs to integrate into another molecular machine and do its job. The Ribosome is another highly complex molecular machine - consisting of between 56-80 proteins. Without this molecular machines, proteins cannot be built. Proteins are the building blocks of every cell in every organism on Earth. Without Ribosomes, Life doesn't exist. If you're paying attention, you'll start to realize that Life relies on a highly sophisticated interdependent network of complex machines, which all rely on each other for the function of the system. DNA requires the cell for stability, but the cell requires the proteins for its structure and function, but those proteins require DNA and RNA to be built - it's a circle of necessary interdependence. Systems like this cannot be built by evolutionary processes, which requires that each piece of the process is built by gradual incremental means over lots of time. Without all the pieces there, from the beginning, none of it works. There is only one known source of complex & interdependent informational systems like those we find in life: and that is from Intelligence. Molecular Biology is the best and most obvious evidence of the Intelligent Design in Life.

Divinely Designed

62,517 views • 6 months ago

This is how DNA turns raw data into functional proteins - the building blocks of all your cells. This system requires a minimum of 3 key players working together: DNA: the master blueprint with the instructions RNA Polymerase: reads the DNA and makes a temporary copy called mRNA which carries the instructions to the Ribosome for how to create the Protein Ribosome: the tiny factory that reads the mRNA and strings amino acids together in a specific sequence to create a protein Without all three molecules working together, Proteins cannot be created, cells don't function, and Life ends. Everything needs to fit together, precisely & perfectly, or it all falls apart. In other words: this system cannot evolve, one step at a time. DNA relies other machines made of proteins to create those very proteins - but those proteins can't be made without the information in the DNA. And on top of that, this whole system relies on OTHER systems! You need other things like ATP Synthase that makes energy to power everything, tRNA to carry the amino acids to the Ribosome, other helper proteins, processing enzymes, etc. It's an extremely complex, interdependent network of parts & systems that all rely on each other. The cell is an astounding level of complexity that surpasses anything in human engineering. It's obvious this is intelligently designed. To deny that is absurd.

This is how DNA turns raw data into functional proteins - the building blocks of all your cells. This system requires a minimum of 3 key players working together: DNA: the master blueprint with the instructions RNA Polymerase: reads the DNA and makes a temporary copy called mRNA which carries the instructions to the Ribosome for how to create the Protein Ribosome: the tiny factory that reads the mRNA and strings amino acids together in a specific sequence to create a protein Without all three molecules working together, Proteins cannot be created, cells don't function, and Life ends. Everything needs to fit together, precisely & perfectly, or it all falls apart. In other words: this system cannot evolve, one step at a time. DNA relies other machines made of proteins to create those very proteins - but those proteins can't be made without the information in the DNA. And on top of that, this whole system relies on OTHER systems! You need other things like ATP Synthase that makes energy to power everything, tRNA to carry the amino acids to the Ribosome, other helper proteins, processing enzymes, etc. It's an extremely complex, interdependent network of parts & systems that all rely on each other. The cell is an astounding level of complexity that surpasses anything in human engineering. It's obvious this is intelligently designed. To deny that is absurd.

Divinely Designed

22,903 views • 6 months ago

Proof that Life is Intelligently Designed: Proteins. They do everything in your cells that keeps you alive. These microscopic molecules must have been created. Here is why: Proteins are the building blocks of all the little nano-machines that make up your cells. They do all the major work in your body - from creating energy to recycling waste. Proteins are made from amino acids connected into a specific sequence and then folded into a functional shape. You can think of a protein like a paragraph, and amino acids as the individual letters that spell out the words. Here is where it gets interesting... There are just 20 amino acids used in all of Life. Just 20 amino acids. Responsible for ~200 million unique proteins making up tens of thousands of cell types across Life. And scientists are constantly finding new ones. Scientists categorize proteins into Families. Protein Families are groups of proteins that share amino acid sequence similarities. There are ~22,000 Protein Families. Here's the part that screams they are designed... Protein Families have no evolutionary history. Even evolutionist scientists agree - they are absolutely unique. It's been said that proteins are like stars in a galaxy, and families are like galaxies, with vast empty space between them. Evolution is supposed to build by tweaking things that already exist. But no evolutionary history connects fundamentally distinct protein families. Experiments have been done to intentionally evolve one protein family into another. They fail every time. One protein family cannot be evolved into another. They cannot arise through evolution. But the math really makes it impossible... The odds of evolution finding even a single functional protein family is 1 chance in 10^77 possible amino acid sequences. That's a 1 with 77 zeroes. The odds of evolution finding 22,000 distinct protein families? Roughly 1 chance in 10^1,694,000. You don't need to be a mathematician to understand that this is impossible. Evolution works by random mutations tweaking what's already there. But protein families can't evolve from one another. And the math makes it absolutely absurd to believe. Monkeys banging on keyboards will never type out Shakespeare. And random mutations in sequences of amino acids could never create a single functional protein family. There is only one thing we know of that creates functionally specified sequences: Intelligence. Now here is the final cherry on top: Proteins are built by other proteins, assembled into a complex machine to do a job in cells. The assembly instructions for those proteins and the machines are found in DNA. But DNA requires protein machines for replication & repair. So DNA is required to make Proteins... ...but Proteins are required to make DNA *and* more Proteins. You can't have one without the other. They rely on each other. Which means one couldn't have evolved and then waited for the other. They couldn't do anything without each other. They had to be created at the same time to function together. Life was Divinely Designed. Proteins prove it.

Proof that Life is Intelligently Designed: Proteins. They do everything in your cells that keeps you alive. These microscopic molecules must have been created. Here is why: Proteins are the building blocks of all the little nano-machines that make up your cells. They do all the major work in your body - from creating energy to recycling waste. Proteins are made from amino acids connected into a specific sequence and then folded into a functional shape. You can think of a protein like a paragraph, and amino acids as the individual letters that spell out the words. Here is where it gets interesting... There are just 20 amino acids used in all of Life. Just 20 amino acids. Responsible for ~200 million unique proteins making up tens of thousands of cell types across Life. And scientists are constantly finding new ones. Scientists categorize proteins into Families. Protein Families are groups of proteins that share amino acid sequence similarities. There are ~22,000 Protein Families. Here's the part that screams they are designed... Protein Families have no evolutionary history. Even evolutionist scientists agree - they are absolutely unique. It's been said that proteins are like stars in a galaxy, and families are like galaxies, with vast empty space between them. Evolution is supposed to build by tweaking things that already exist. But no evolutionary history connects fundamentally distinct protein families. Experiments have been done to intentionally evolve one protein family into another. They fail every time. One protein family cannot be evolved into another. They cannot arise through evolution. But the math really makes it impossible... The odds of evolution finding even a single functional protein family is 1 chance in 10^77 possible amino acid sequences. That's a 1 with 77 zeroes. The odds of evolution finding 22,000 distinct protein families? Roughly 1 chance in 10^1,694,000. You don't need to be a mathematician to understand that this is impossible. Evolution works by random mutations tweaking what's already there. But protein families can't evolve from one another. And the math makes it absolutely absurd to believe. Monkeys banging on keyboards will never type out Shakespeare. And random mutations in sequences of amino acids could never create a single functional protein family. There is only one thing we know of that creates functionally specified sequences: Intelligence. Now here is the final cherry on top: Proteins are built by other proteins, assembled into a complex machine to do a job in cells. The assembly instructions for those proteins and the machines are found in DNA. But DNA requires protein machines for replication & repair. So DNA is required to make Proteins... ...but Proteins are required to make DNA and more Proteins. You can't have one without the other. They rely on each other. Which means one couldn't have evolved and then waited for the other. They couldn't do anything without each other. They had to be created at the same time to function together. Life was Divinely Designed. Proteins prove it.

Divinely Designed

18,833 views • 24 days ago

This is mind ATP Synthase The energy pump that powers every cell in every lifeform on Earth, slowed down by over 1,000x. Without ATP Synthase, life cannot exist. This little nano-machine is made up of a minimum of 8 distinct proteins, all designed perfectly to fit together and operate in a coordinated system that takes in ADP and turns it into ATP, which the cell uses to power metabolic processes. It's designed to only allow certain molecules in & out. Any mistakes, and it could flood the cell with toxic waste in a matter of seconds, killing everything. Each protein building block must fit perfectly together, much like all the pieces inside your phone. Without all the proteins fit & working together from the start, ATP Synthase cannot function, and Life cannot exist. But making things even more complex, ATP Synthase doesn't operate alone. It's located inside the cell membrane, where it actively works with other molecules to ensure the ATP it creates gets to the right place. It's a whole integrated network of energy movement within each cell, without which, Life could not exist. All these pieces must exist together, from the beginning, for Life to be possible. Which means it can't arise piece by piece through evolution - because the very process of evolution requires the whole system. Life requires this system in order to produce the energy it needs to replicate & evolve - but replication & evolution is supposed to have created it. You can't have one without the other. There are no simpler versions - it's literally all or nothing. This is clear evidence of an intelligently designed system. What more evidence do you need?

This is mind ATP Synthase The energy pump that powers every cell in every lifeform on Earth, slowed down by over 1,000x. Without ATP Synthase, life cannot exist. This little nano-machine is made up of a minimum of 8 distinct proteins, all designed perfectly to fit together and operate in a coordinated system that takes in ADP and turns it into ATP, which the cell uses to power metabolic processes. It's designed to only allow certain molecules in & out. Any mistakes, and it could flood the cell with toxic waste in a matter of seconds, killing everything. Each protein building block must fit perfectly together, much like all the pieces inside your phone. Without all the proteins fit & working together from the start, ATP Synthase cannot function, and Life cannot exist. But making things even more complex, ATP Synthase doesn't operate alone. It's located inside the cell membrane, where it actively works with other molecules to ensure the ATP it creates gets to the right place. It's a whole integrated network of energy movement within each cell, without which, Life could not exist. All these pieces must exist together, from the beginning, for Life to be possible. Which means it can't arise piece by piece through evolution - because the very process of evolution requires the whole system. Life requires this system in order to produce the energy it needs to replicate & evolve - but replication & evolution is supposed to have created it. You can't have one without the other. There are no simpler versions - it's literally all or nothing. This is clear evidence of an intelligently designed system. What more evidence do you need?

Divinely Designed

28,434 views • 2 months ago

This is crazy! This is some of the complex systems working inside your cells. God's Design inside every single cell in your body. Cells cannot arise through evolution. The minimum viable cell requires: - Around ~500,000 lines of coded information (DNA) - Close to ~500 unique protein products (the building blocks of all those cellular machines and systems) - Total of ~20k-50k total proteins all working perfectly together - Around ~30-40 regulatory systems guiding all those interactions The cell requires all those parts & systems, or it doesn't function. If we do the math, there are about ~10^70,000 possible interactions in this cell. Interactions are things like: - energy production - waste removal - protein creation - system repair The odds are incomprehensible. Evolutionists will argue the odds are misleading, because it evolves gradually via step-by-step trial & error. But the cell REQUIRES a minimum set of parts & systems to function - without all of these in place, together, from the beginning, it dies. Therefore, the cell cannot evolve through step-by-step evolutionary processes, because there is no reproduction + mutation to drive evolutionary change until the cell is complete. Cells are a massive problem for Evolutionism, because they are such obvious signs of Intelligent Design. Even the famous atheist Richard Dawkins admitted that, "Biology is the study of complicated things that have the appearance of having been designed with a purpose." Biology seems designed because it IS designed. God's Divine Design becomes more obvious, the closer we look.

This is crazy! This is some of the complex systems working inside your cells. God's Design inside every single cell in your body. Cells cannot arise through evolution. The minimum viable cell requires: - Around ~500,000 lines of coded information (DNA) - Close to ~500 unique protein products (the building blocks of all those cellular machines and systems) - Total of ~20k-50k total proteins all working perfectly together - Around ~30-40 regulatory systems guiding all those interactions The cell requires all those parts & systems, or it doesn't function. If we do the math, there are about ~10^70,000 possible interactions in this cell. Interactions are things like: - energy production - waste removal - protein creation - system repair The odds are incomprehensible. Evolutionists will argue the odds are misleading, because it evolves gradually via step-by-step trial & error. But the cell REQUIRES a minimum set of parts & systems to function - without all of these in place, together, from the beginning, it dies. Therefore, the cell cannot evolve through step-by-step evolutionary processes, because there is no reproduction + mutation to drive evolutionary change until the cell is complete. Cells are a massive problem for Evolutionism, because they are such obvious signs of Intelligent Design. Even the famous atheist Richard Dawkins admitted that, "Biology is the study of complicated things that have the appearance of having been designed with a purpose." Biology seems designed because it IS designed. God's Divine Design becomes more obvious, the closer we look.

Divinely Designed

32,233 views • 4 months ago

This is how cells make energy - the production of ATP. All life requires ATP for energy. Without it, cells cannot function, and Life cannot survive. That means ATP Synthase is required from the very start of Life. Evolution cannot build ATP, because evolutionary processes require ATP to even function - creating a massive chicken-or-the-egg paradox. You can't have life without ATP, but you can't get ATP until you have life. Evidence it was intelligently designed. ATP Synthase is also incredibly complex. In simpler prokaryotic organisms (bacteria, etc), the molecule has 8 unique proteins organized into 22 subunits, all working together in a coordinated system. In higher level eukaryotes (humans, mammals, etc), the molecule has 18 unique proteins organized into 29 coordinated subunits making up the system. The simpler versions still require a minimal set of specified proteins, totaling more than 3,500 amino acids, sequenced perfectly in line to create all the proteins, all engineered to perfection. The odds of something like this coming together by chance are incomprehensibly small, it's effectively impossible. This system is a clear and obvious sign of design.

This is how cells make energy - the production of ATP. All life requires ATP for energy. Without it, cells cannot function, and Life cannot survive. That means ATP Synthase is required from the very start of Life. Evolution cannot build ATP, because evolutionary processes require ATP to even function - creating a massive chicken-or-the-egg paradox. You can't have life without ATP, but you can't get ATP until you have life. Evidence it was intelligently designed. ATP Synthase is also incredibly complex. In simpler prokaryotic organisms (bacteria, etc), the molecule has 8 unique proteins organized into 22 subunits, all working together in a coordinated system. In higher level eukaryotes (humans, mammals, etc), the molecule has 18 unique proteins organized into 29 coordinated subunits making up the system. The simpler versions still require a minimal set of specified proteins, totaling more than 3,500 amino acids, sequenced perfectly in line to create all the proteins, all engineered to perfection. The odds of something like this coming together by chance are incomprehensibly small, it's effectively impossible. This system is a clear and obvious sign of design.

Divinely Designed

61,036 views • 5 months ago

Vision is an absolute marvel of Divine Engineering. It requires a minimum of 3 systems working together from the start, or we don't see. 1. Eyes to capture light & convert into signals 2. Pathways to transport the signal 3. A brain to process it Evolution can't build it one step at a time, because there is no vision until all those systems exist and function together. Compounding the complexity further, each of those 3 systems themselves require a minimum number of more complex subsystems to function properly. For instance, all eyes require opsin proteins. Opsin is a highly complex protein that holds a special light-sensitive molecule called retinal; when a single photon hits the retinal, it instantly flips shape, triggering the opsin to change its 3D shape and trigger a precise cascade which converts the light into an electrical signal to be sent to the brain where it can be understood as vision. Opsin alone, is useless. It needs the retinal molecule plus the full cascade, or it does nothing. This is the case with ALL vision systems, confirmed over and over again the lab. No partially formed system produces any vision, or any other function for that matter. Many uninformed Evolutionists attempt to argue that we see different levels of complexity in vision systems, which they say is evidence that vision evolved gradually from simpler systems. But the evolutionary scientists themselves refute this. Even the very simplest possible system of vision - the infamous "light sensitive cell" - still relies on a similar highly complex, interconnected network of proteins and other molecules. Mainstream evolutionary science even teaches that vision systems evolved independently, from scratch, at least 40 different times. The reason is because many vision systems are so different, operating with such unique parts, that one simply could not have evolved from another. The fossil record itself refutes the concept of step by step construction of vision systems. Complex eyes appear early in the fossil record, fully formed & functional. There is no increasing complexity in the fossil record - it's a complete contradiction of evolutionary predictions. The vision system has all the Hallmark evidence of design. A complex, interconnected web of information processing systems with incomprehensibly precise timing & coordination between them all to produce a highly specialized function. Nature does not, and cannot, produce such a system, not with all the time and resources in the entire universe. Everything you see is a testament to the Power of our Creator.

Vision is an absolute marvel of Divine Engineering. It requires a minimum of 3 systems working together from the start, or we don't see. 1. Eyes to capture light & convert into signals 2. Pathways to transport the signal 3. A brain to process it Evolution can't build it one step at a time, because there is no vision until all those systems exist and function together. Compounding the complexity further, each of those 3 systems themselves require a minimum number of more complex subsystems to function properly. For instance, all eyes require opsin proteins. Opsin is a highly complex protein that holds a special light-sensitive molecule called retinal; when a single photon hits the retinal, it instantly flips shape, triggering the opsin to change its 3D shape and trigger a precise cascade which converts the light into an electrical signal to be sent to the brain where it can be understood as vision. Opsin alone, is useless. It needs the retinal molecule plus the full cascade, or it does nothing. This is the case with ALL vision systems, confirmed over and over again the lab. No partially formed system produces any vision, or any other function for that matter. Many uninformed Evolutionists attempt to argue that we see different levels of complexity in vision systems, which they say is evidence that vision evolved gradually from simpler systems. But the evolutionary scientists themselves refute this. Even the very simplest possible system of vision - the infamous "light sensitive cell" - still relies on a similar highly complex, interconnected network of proteins and other molecules. Mainstream evolutionary science even teaches that vision systems evolved independently, from scratch, at least 40 different times. The reason is because many vision systems are so different, operating with such unique parts, that one simply could not have evolved from another. The fossil record itself refutes the concept of step by step construction of vision systems. Complex eyes appear early in the fossil record, fully formed & functional. There is no increasing complexity in the fossil record - it's a complete contradiction of evolutionary predictions. The vision system has all the Hallmark evidence of design. A complex, interconnected web of information processing systems with incomprehensibly precise timing & coordination between them all to produce a highly specialized function. Nature does not, and cannot, produce such a system, not with all the time and resources in the entire universe. Everything you see is a testament to the Power of our Creator.

Divinely Designed

20,286 views • 2 months ago

This video is one of the first times I thought biology was “cool.” It shows a neutrophil cell chasing a bacterium. Originally recorded in the 1950s by David Rogers at Vanderbilt University, the video gave me a deeper appreciation for life, even at the level of a single cell, because the neutrophil's movements seem so intentful, purposeful, aware. It wasn’t until recently, though, that I actually tried to demystify the neutrophil’s movements and understand how they happen. Here's what I learned: 1. The neutrophil's surface has thousands of protein receptors. Molecules secreted by the bacteria collide with these receptors. When that happens, the proteins change shape, slightly, and initiate a signaling cascade. 2. The neutrophil “knows” where to go because of a discrepancy in bound vs. unbound receptors. The side of the cell closest to the microbe will, probabilistically, have more "bound" receptors than the other side (because the molecules secreted by the microbe have a concentration gradient). This is how the neutrophil figures out which way to move. 3. Each bound receptor activates several G proteins located inside the cell membrane. Each G protein, in turn, switches on PI3K enzymes. In this way, the original signal is amplified; a single "activated" receptor might cause ~100 copies of PI3K to get switched on downstream. 4. The PI3K enzymes stick phosphates onto lipids in the cell membrane. The side of the neutrophil facing the bacterium now has more phosphates than the "back" side. Phosphate-binding proteins, such as GEF, accumulate and then recruit Rac, thus activating it. Rac, in turn, acts like a molecular switch, ultimately recruiting Arp2/3. (TL;DR: A bunch of proteins get activated, and the high phosphate concentration at the leading edge is the key signal for all this.) 5. At any given moment, the neutrophil has millions of actin molecules. These are the proteins used to build the cytoskeleton. Half of the actins are already “assembled” into filaments, but the other half are just floating around. Arp2/3 acts as a nucleator, grabbing onto actin and then starting a new cytoskeletal branch. More actin is assembled at the leading edge (where the Arp2/3 has accumulated), where they each push on the cell membrane with ~2 piconewtons of force. Hundreds of actin chains, pushing together, causes the cell to form protrusions. 6. The assembling actin chains push the cell at a speed of ~20 micrometers per minute (the length of about ten E. coli cells placed end-to-end.) As all of this is happening, another signaling cascade, nucleated at the back end of the cell, is dismantling actin filaments and recycling them. All this happens over a span of about 30 seconds. Much of this process is invisible; what we see, instead, is "just" a cell chasing its prey. But that's the wonderful thing about biology: A singular observation is usually more than enough fodder for a lifetime of work. The well is deep. There is always more to learn.

This video is one of the first times I thought biology was “cool.” It shows a neutrophil cell chasing a bacterium. Originally recorded in the 1950s by David Rogers at Vanderbilt University, the video gave me a deeper appreciation for life, even at the level of a single cell, because the neutrophil's movements seem so intentful, purposeful, aware. It wasn’t until recently, though, that I actually tried to demystify the neutrophil’s movements and understand how they happen. Here's what I learned: 1. The neutrophil's surface has thousands of protein receptors. Molecules secreted by the bacteria collide with these receptors. When that happens, the proteins change shape, slightly, and initiate a signaling cascade. 2. The neutrophil “knows” where to go because of a discrepancy in bound vs. unbound receptors. The side of the cell closest to the microbe will, probabilistically, have more "bound" receptors than the other side (because the molecules secreted by the microbe have a concentration gradient). This is how the neutrophil figures out which way to move. 3. Each bound receptor activates several G proteins located inside the cell membrane. Each G protein, in turn, switches on PI3K enzymes. In this way, the original signal is amplified; a single "activated" receptor might cause ~100 copies of PI3K to get switched on downstream. 4. The PI3K enzymes stick phosphates onto lipids in the cell membrane. The side of the neutrophil facing the bacterium now has more phosphates than the "back" side. Phosphate-binding proteins, such as GEF, accumulate and then recruit Rac, thus activating it. Rac, in turn, acts like a molecular switch, ultimately recruiting Arp2/3. (TL;DR: A bunch of proteins get activated, and the high phosphate concentration at the leading edge is the key signal for all this.) 5. At any given moment, the neutrophil has millions of actin molecules. These are the proteins used to build the cytoskeleton. Half of the actins are already “assembled” into filaments, but the other half are just floating around. Arp2/3 acts as a nucleator, grabbing onto actin and then starting a new cytoskeletal branch. More actin is assembled at the leading edge (where the Arp2/3 has accumulated), where they each push on the cell membrane with ~2 piconewtons of force. Hundreds of actin chains, pushing together, causes the cell to form protrusions. 6. The assembling actin chains push the cell at a speed of ~20 micrometers per minute (the length of about ten E. coli cells placed end-to-end.) As all of this is happening, another signaling cascade, nucleated at the back end of the cell, is dismantling actin filaments and recycling them. All this happens over a span of about 30 seconds. Much of this process is invisible; what we see, instead, is "just" a cell chasing its prey. But that's the wonderful thing about biology: A singular observation is usually more than enough fodder for a lifetime of work. The well is deep. There is always more to learn.

Niko McCarty.

127,178 views • 6 months ago

It's been called the most important enzyme in the body. Without it, your cells die. The Sodium-Potassium Pump is a tiny molecular machine in the membrane of nearly all animal cells. It's the cell’s battery charger, keeping everything balanced & thriving. And it's proof that Life was Divinely Designed. The SPP maintains electrical balance in all your cells, allowing nerves to fire signals, muscles to contract, and cells to maintain proper shape & size. It requires 3 sophisticated proteins working together as a team to function. They have special pockets that are perfectly shaped to grab Sodium & Potassium ions. They transport exactly 3 Sodium ions out of the cell and bring exactly 2 Potassium ions back in. This exact ratio is extremely important - it's what makes your cells “electrogenic.” They maintain an electrical voltage which allows them to do biological work. Anything different would lead to cell death. Evolution needs time to tinker. This requires precision that can't evolve gradually. It has a trigger where activated ATP molecules attach to activate the pump, which flips between two shapes. The first shape loads the 3 Sodium ions from inside the cell, the next dumps the Sodium outside the cell while grabbing 2 Potassium ions to bring in. It's able to tell the difference even though they're nearly identical. Any mistakes here would lead to death. Cells require this ion pump to live and function. It can't evolve gradually, because mistakes mean death. This is complex and sophisticated engineering with precise requirements. The height of engineering ingenuity. And a clear sign of the Design in Life.

It's been called the most important enzyme in the body. Without it, your cells die. The Sodium-Potassium Pump is a tiny molecular machine in the membrane of nearly all animal cells. It's the cell’s battery charger, keeping everything balanced & thriving. And it's proof that Life was Divinely Designed. The SPP maintains electrical balance in all your cells, allowing nerves to fire signals, muscles to contract, and cells to maintain proper shape & size. It requires 3 sophisticated proteins working together as a team to function. They have special pockets that are perfectly shaped to grab Sodium & Potassium ions. They transport exactly 3 Sodium ions out of the cell and bring exactly 2 Potassium ions back in. This exact ratio is extremely important - it's what makes your cells “electrogenic.” They maintain an electrical voltage which allows them to do biological work. Anything different would lead to cell death. Evolution needs time to tinker. This requires precision that can't evolve gradually. It has a trigger where activated ATP molecules attach to activate the pump, which flips between two shapes. The first shape loads the 3 Sodium ions from inside the cell, the next dumps the Sodium outside the cell while grabbing 2 Potassium ions to bring in. It's able to tell the difference even though they're nearly identical. Any mistakes here would lead to death. Cells require this ion pump to live and function. It can't evolve gradually, because mistakes mean death. This is complex and sophisticated engineering with precise requirements. The height of engineering ingenuity. And a clear sign of the Design in Life.

Divinely Designed

18,806 views • 16 days ago

Kinesin is one of the body’s smallest transport systems: a molecular motor that walks along microscopic tracks inside your cells, carrying cargo like nutrients, enzymes, and signaling molecules to where they’re needed. 🟡 Moves energy supplies and building materials within cells 🟡 Powers nerve function by transporting molecules along axons 🟡 Keeps cell division, repair, and communication running smoothly Without kinesin, cells would lose their internal delivery network. Signals in the brain would slow, repair processes would stall, and energy wouldn’t reach where it’s needed. Kinesin turns chemistry into motion. Watching it “walk” across microtubules reveals how life maintains order and flow at the molecular level, proof that even the smallest engines inside us keep everything moving.

Kinesin is one of the body’s smallest transport systems: a molecular motor that walks along microscopic tracks inside your cells, carrying cargo like nutrients, enzymes, and signaling molecules to where they’re needed. 🟡 Moves energy supplies and building materials within cells 🟡 Powers nerve function by transporting molecules along axons 🟡 Keeps cell division, repair, and communication running smoothly Without kinesin, cells would lose their internal delivery network. Signals in the brain would slow, repair processes would stall, and energy wouldn’t reach where it’s needed. Kinesin turns chemistry into motion. Watching it “walk” across microtubules reveals how life maintains order and flow at the molecular level, proof that even the smallest engines inside us keep everything moving.

William A. Wallace, Ph.D.

70,199 views • 7 months ago

Have you ever seen how DNA is organized? It's astounding. A single strand of your DNA, when stretched out, is ~2 meters, or ~6.5 feet long. If you stretched out all the DNA in your body end to end, it could cross the entire solar system, from the sun to Pluto, 17 times. You could wrap all your DNA around the Earth like a rubber band ball almost 2 million times. The storage capacity of DNA is so high that all the world’s digital data (estimated around 175 zettabytes by 2025) could theoretically be stored in just 178lbs of DNA. Imagine, one single server that could handle the entire world's annual data needs. And yet, all of this fits inside the nucleus of a cell, invisible to the naked eye. How is that even possible? To prevent DNA from becoming an tangled mess, unusable for anything, it is organized and packed very specifically. If not for this organization, DNA would be completely unusable for any of Life's processes. It would clump together, unable to be pulled apart to be read by the many interacting molecular systems. To start, smaller segments of DNA are coiled tightly around a special protein called a Histone, whose sole job is to keep DNA organized. This coiled product is called a Nucleosome, which are then further coiled and packed together into long fibers call Chromatin. Chromatin then is further coiled into larger structures called Chromosomes. This organization is not only incredibly efficient, but it also provides functionality to the DNA itself. Chromosome and Chromatin architecture actually effects how DNA functions and communicates with the different systems in the cell, and the number of chromosomes is important to overall function of the DNA in an organism. Without this specific organization, Life could not exist. What does this mean? This means DNA could not have evolved and functioned without simultaneous organization. And DNA can't be organized without the proteins and systems that hold it all together. On top of that, the fact that how DNA is organized affects its function is a clear sign of foresight and planning - all clear signs of intelligent design. The more we learn about molecular biology, the more obvious it is that this was all Created intelligently.

Have you ever seen how DNA is organized? It's astounding. A single strand of your DNA, when stretched out, is ~2 meters, or ~6.5 feet long. If you stretched out all the DNA in your body end to end, it could cross the entire solar system, from the sun to Pluto, 17 times. You could wrap all your DNA around the Earth like a rubber band ball almost 2 million times. The storage capacity of DNA is so high that all the world’s digital data (estimated around 175 zettabytes by 2025) could theoretically be stored in just 178lbs of DNA. Imagine, one single server that could handle the entire world's annual data needs. And yet, all of this fits inside the nucleus of a cell, invisible to the naked eye. How is that even possible? To prevent DNA from becoming an tangled mess, unusable for anything, it is organized and packed very specifically. If not for this organization, DNA would be completely unusable for any of Life's processes. It would clump together, unable to be pulled apart to be read by the many interacting molecular systems. To start, smaller segments of DNA are coiled tightly around a special protein called a Histone, whose sole job is to keep DNA organized. This coiled product is called a Nucleosome, which are then further coiled and packed together into long fibers call Chromatin. Chromatin then is further coiled into larger structures called Chromosomes. This organization is not only incredibly efficient, but it also provides functionality to the DNA itself. Chromosome and Chromatin architecture actually effects how DNA functions and communicates with the different systems in the cell, and the number of chromosomes is important to overall function of the DNA in an organism. Without this specific organization, Life could not exist. What does this mean? This means DNA could not have evolved and functioned without simultaneous organization. And DNA can't be organized without the proteins and systems that hold it all together. On top of that, the fact that how DNA is organized affects its function is a clear sign of foresight and planning - all clear signs of intelligent design. The more we learn about molecular biology, the more obvious it is that this was all Created intelligently.

Divinely Designed

78,612 views • 5 months ago

It’s embarrassing to watch the TGA tie itself up in knots and contradict itself over the safety of the vaccine. The mRNA vaccine is designed to attack your own cells because the antigen sits on the cell membrane. The T-cell which responds to the vaccine antigen can’t separate your cell from the spike protein. It kills both and the TGA has already admitted as much in the past conceding myocarditis is an autoimmune response. The spike proteins are not rapidly degraded as numerous studies have shown they last in the body for up to 60 days. But more importantly the mRNA is designed to last much longer and produce more proteins. This means the body produces a much larger concentration of the toxic spike protein than what the virus would have delivered. And I quote from one study: “Later studies documented similar effects for 5-methylcytidine and 2-thiouridine and observed that modified mRNAs produced 10- to 100-fold more protein compared with unmodified mRNAs. Recently, N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ), the modification used in the current mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, was found to possess superior characteristics to Ψ; m1Ψ elicited less immunogenicity and increased protein production by more than an order of magnitude relative to Ψ.” And another on the Poly-A tail increases the duration. “Whether for the mRNA vaccine from Pfizer/BioNtech® laboratories or that of Moderna®, the two mRNA sequences end in a Poly(A) tail. The purpose of this addition is to increase the stability of the mRNA in biological medium and also to allow the recruitment of the ribosome, in order to initiate an efficient translation. After translation, the mRNA can be reused several times, but when this happens, it also loses part of the Adenines of its Poly(A) tail, as enzymatic degradation begins there, which only ensures a transient protection against this degradation. When this tail is too degraded, the mRNA is no longer functional and is destroyed. The poly(A) tail stabilizes mRNA and boosts protein translation, and the length of the poly(A) tail is proportional to translation efficiency. It is a critical factor in determining the longevity of mRNA molecules.” Long story short - the TGA continues to lie. Quotes from: #auspol

It’s embarrassing to watch the TGA tie itself up in knots and contradict itself over the safety of the vaccine. The mRNA vaccine is designed to attack your own cells because the antigen sits on the cell membrane. The T-cell which responds to the vaccine antigen can’t separate your cell from the spike protein. It kills both and the TGA has already admitted as much in the past conceding myocarditis is an autoimmune response. The spike proteins are not rapidly degraded as numerous studies have shown they last in the body for up to 60 days. But more importantly the mRNA is designed to last much longer and produce more proteins. This means the body produces a much larger concentration of the toxic spike protein than what the virus would have delivered. And I quote from one study: “Later studies documented similar effects for 5-methylcytidine and 2-thiouridine and observed that modified mRNAs produced 10- to 100-fold more protein compared with unmodified mRNAs. Recently, N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ), the modification used in the current mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, was found to possess superior characteristics to Ψ; m1Ψ elicited less immunogenicity and increased protein production by more than an order of magnitude relative to Ψ.” And another on the Poly-A tail increases the duration. “Whether for the mRNA vaccine from Pfizer/BioNtech® laboratories or that of Moderna®, the two mRNA sequences end in a Poly(A) tail. The purpose of this addition is to increase the stability of the mRNA in biological medium and also to allow the recruitment of the ribosome, in order to initiate an efficient translation. After translation, the mRNA can be reused several times, but when this happens, it also loses part of the Adenines of its Poly(A) tail, as enzymatic degradation begins there, which only ensures a transient protection against this degradation. When this tail is too degraded, the mRNA is no longer functional and is destroyed. The poly(A) tail stabilizes mRNA and boosts protein translation, and the length of the poly(A) tail is proportional to translation efficiency. It is a critical factor in determining the longevity of mRNA molecules.” Long story short - the TGA continues to lie. Quotes from: #auspol

Gerard Rennick

62,522 views • 1 year ago

This is how your eyes work. Eyes are part of an irreducibly complex system of structures that work together to give you vision. There is no evolutionary pathway that could produce even the simplest eye. Here is everything you need to know about why eyes did not evolve and are certain evidence of design. This is the proposed version of eye evolution: 1. Photosensitive cell 2. Pigment cells without a nerve 3. Optic nerve surrounded by pigment cells, covered by translucent skin 4. Pigment cells forming a depression 5. Skin gradually takes a lens shape 6. Evolution of muscles for lens to adjust But each one of these steps still relies on a similar irreducibly complex system of machines for vision to function. The very first step, the mythical light sensitive cell, is actually incredibly complex by itself and has no plausible evolutionary pathway. A single photosensitive cell is an incredibly complex system of nanomachines. The simplest known light-sensitive prokaryotic cells have genomes with around ~1.3 million base pairs of DNA information, with around ~1,300–1,400 unique proteins. Knockout tests in cells have been able to simplify cells to 500,000 base pairs of DNA, with close to 500 unique proteins (but these are not light sensitive.) ALL vision systems require rhodopsin proteins. These handy little proteins capture light, transforms light into a signal, and sends that signal down a transduction pathway to the processing center (brain). So basically, ALL vision systems require at least 3 separate major systems, which are themselves filled with multiple subsystems - it's complexity on top of complexity on top of complexity. And none of it works if all of those systems are not in place together. There is no evolutionary pathway by which all of this arises together - nature doesn't engineer multiple interdependent systems together. Eyes are so complex and so different among various organisms today that evolutionists even widely recognize that vision systems must have arisen independently at least 30 times, because there is no genetic pattern to explain the origin of eyes from a common ancestor. The odds of that happening are absolutely absurd. Beyond logic. There is no evidence of eyes evolving in the fossil record, either. Complex, fully functional vision appears almost at the very start of the fossil record. The oldest eye in the fossil record, that of a trilobite, is a complex compound eye originating in the Cambrian, conventionally dated about 540 million years ago. From there, various different kinds of eyes appear in the fossil record of varying degrees of complexity - with both simpler and more complex version of vision systems scattered all throughout in no particular pattern of development. Evolutionists also like to claim the human eye is designed poorly. They point to “blind spots” & “backwards retinas” as evidence of poor design, which is why, they say, evolution makes more sense. But that is completely false, and shows they simply don't understand the biology of the eye in the first place. But this design actually makes our eyes better and fully optimized for our necessities. The Blind Spot: Vertebrates have an inverted retina, where photoreceptors face away from light and nerves bundle through a hole in the back, creating a tiny blind spot. The blind spot is only~1% of visual field and each eye's blind spot overlaps with the seeing part of the other eye - there is no actual vision loss. This could be seen as evidence of intelligently designed coordination. Vertebrate eyes also provide the sharpest vision among animals. Eagles (with inverted retinas) see clearly up to 2–3 miles away and spot prey from great distances. Features like oil droplets in photoreceptors improve color vision, and mitochondrial clumps focus light better, giving higher vision acuity overall. The Inverted design also allows direct, close access to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) layer. RPE supplies massive nutrients/oxygen (vertebrate photoreceptors have the body's highest metabolic rate) and removes toxic byproducts from light detection. RPE's dark pigment absorbs stray light, giving a sharper image, and protects against sun damage, which makes our eyes last longer and stay healthier. Cephalopods eyes - often compared as a "better version" by evos who don't know better - have the everted retina which limits nutrient/toxin access, causing slower repair, shorter cell life, more vulnerability to damage. In summary, the human eye is optimally designed for the function required. The orientation of the retinas improves vision sharpness and the longevity & overall health of the eye. Anyone claiming the eye is evidence of “bad design” simply doesn’t understand how beautifully their eyes are designed. Even the simplest forms of vision require incredibly complex systems to come together at the same time for vision to arise. Evolution cannot do that. Only intelligence engineers irreducibly complex systems like Vision.

This is how your eyes work. Eyes are part of an irreducibly complex system of structures that work together to give you vision. There is no evolutionary pathway that could produce even the simplest eye. Here is everything you need to know about why eyes did not evolve and are certain evidence of design. This is the proposed version of eye evolution: 1. Photosensitive cell 2. Pigment cells without a nerve 3. Optic nerve surrounded by pigment cells, covered by translucent skin 4. Pigment cells forming a depression 5. Skin gradually takes a lens shape 6. Evolution of muscles for lens to adjust But each one of these steps still relies on a similar irreducibly complex system of machines for vision to function. The very first step, the mythical light sensitive cell, is actually incredibly complex by itself and has no plausible evolutionary pathway. A single photosensitive cell is an incredibly complex system of nanomachines. The simplest known light-sensitive prokaryotic cells have genomes with around ~1.3 million base pairs of DNA information, with around ~1,300–1,400 unique proteins. Knockout tests in cells have been able to simplify cells to 500,000 base pairs of DNA, with close to 500 unique proteins (but these are not light sensitive.) ALL vision systems require rhodopsin proteins. These handy little proteins capture light, transforms light into a signal, and sends that signal down a transduction pathway to the processing center (brain). So basically, ALL vision systems require at least 3 separate major systems, which are themselves filled with multiple subsystems - it's complexity on top of complexity on top of complexity. And none of it works if all of those systems are not in place together. There is no evolutionary pathway by which all of this arises together - nature doesn't engineer multiple interdependent systems together. Eyes are so complex and so different among various organisms today that evolutionists even widely recognize that vision systems must have arisen independently at least 30 times, because there is no genetic pattern to explain the origin of eyes from a common ancestor. The odds of that happening are absolutely absurd. Beyond logic. There is no evidence of eyes evolving in the fossil record, either. Complex, fully functional vision appears almost at the very start of the fossil record. The oldest eye in the fossil record, that of a trilobite, is a complex compound eye originating in the Cambrian, conventionally dated about 540 million years ago. From there, various different kinds of eyes appear in the fossil record of varying degrees of complexity - with both simpler and more complex version of vision systems scattered all throughout in no particular pattern of development. Evolutionists also like to claim the human eye is designed poorly. They point to “blind spots” & “backwards retinas” as evidence of poor design, which is why, they say, evolution makes more sense. But that is completely false, and shows they simply don't understand the biology of the eye in the first place. But this design actually makes our eyes better and fully optimized for our necessities. The Blind Spot: Vertebrates have an inverted retina, where photoreceptors face away from light and nerves bundle through a hole in the back, creating a tiny blind spot. The blind spot is only~1% of visual field and each eye's blind spot overlaps with the seeing part of the other eye - there is no actual vision loss. This could be seen as evidence of intelligently designed coordination. Vertebrate eyes also provide the sharpest vision among animals. Eagles (with inverted retinas) see clearly up to 2–3 miles away and spot prey from great distances. Features like oil droplets in photoreceptors improve color vision, and mitochondrial clumps focus light better, giving higher vision acuity overall. The Inverted design also allows direct, close access to the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) layer. RPE supplies massive nutrients/oxygen (vertebrate photoreceptors have the body's highest metabolic rate) and removes toxic byproducts from light detection. RPE's dark pigment absorbs stray light, giving a sharper image, and protects against sun damage, which makes our eyes last longer and stay healthier. Cephalopods eyes - often compared as a "better version" by evos who don't know better - have the everted retina which limits nutrient/toxin access, causing slower repair, shorter cell life, more vulnerability to damage. In summary, the human eye is optimally designed for the function required. The orientation of the retinas improves vision sharpness and the longevity & overall health of the eye. Anyone claiming the eye is evidence of “bad design” simply doesn’t understand how beautifully their eyes are designed. Even the simplest forms of vision require incredibly complex systems to come together at the same time for vision to arise. Evolution cannot do that. Only intelligence engineers irreducibly complex systems like Vision.

Divinely Designed

25,670 views • 6 months ago

There is not enough time in the entire history of the universe for random mutations and natural selection to assemble even a single novel, functional protein—let alone the hundreds required for even the simplest form of life. The simplest living cell ever created in a laboratory, JCVI-Syn3.0, requires 438 unique proteins, amounting to over 77,000 total protein molecules, just to survive and reproduce. This is not speculation—it is an experimentally observed, scientifically confirmed minimum for cellular life. The idea that life came into existence purely by blind natural processes no longer makes sense in light of what modern science has discovered.

There is not enough time in the entire history of the universe for random mutations and natural selection to assemble even a single novel, functional protein—let alone the hundreds required for even the simplest form of life. The simplest living cell ever created in a laboratory, JCVI-Syn3.0, requires 438 unique proteins, amounting to over 77,000 total protein molecules, just to survive and reproduce. This is not speculation—it is an experimentally observed, scientifically confirmed minimum for cellular life. The idea that life came into existence purely by blind natural processes no longer makes sense in light of what modern science has discovered.

Night Sky Now

61,111 views • 6 months ago

NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang just gave us a glimpse into the future of AI, and it's far bigger than text and images. He asked: "If you can understand worlds, is it possible that you understand proteins and chemicals that have structure?” This is the quiet revolution happening in AI right now. We're moving from an AI that understands human language to an AI that understands the language of nature itself. The "letters" are atoms. The "words" are molecules. The "sentences" are the complex structures of life, networks, and reality. The same foundational models that generate video are now being used to: *Decode proteins to fight disease *Design new materials at the atomic level *Simulate complex systems in quantum computing These were once the domain of supercomputers and Nobel laureates. Now, they're becoming solvable problems for a new generation of startups. AI is transitioning from a tool for communication to a tool for creation and discovery in the physical world. This is where the next wave of generational companies will be built. The "hard-to-solve" problems are now within reach.

NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang just gave us a glimpse into the future of AI, and it's far bigger than text and images. He asked: "If you can understand worlds, is it possible that you understand proteins and chemicals that have structure?” This is the quiet revolution happening in AI right now. We're moving from an AI that understands human language to an AI that understands the language of nature itself. The "letters" are atoms. The "words" are molecules. The "sentences" are the complex structures of life, networks, and reality. The same foundational models that generate video are now being used to: Decode proteins to fight disease Design new materials at the atomic level *Simulate complex systems in quantum computing These were once the domain of supercomputers and Nobel laureates. Now, they're becoming solvable problems for a new generation of startups. AI is transitioning from a tool for communication to a tool for creation and discovery in the physical world. This is where the next wave of generational companies will be built. The "hard-to-solve" problems are now within reach.

Konstantine Buhler

13,014 views • 9 months ago

There is not enough time in the history of the entire universe for random mutations + natural selection to construct even a single novel protein - let alone the hundreds needed for even the simplest life. The simplest cell ever created by scientists in a lab (JCVI-Syn3.0) required 438 unique proteins, totaling over 77,000 total proteins, to keep it alive. This gives us a scientifically observed and confirmed minimal cellular requirement. It's absurd to believe Life arose by chance natural processes.

There is not enough time in the history of the entire universe for random mutations + natural selection to construct even a single novel protein - let alone the hundreds needed for even the simplest life. The simplest cell ever created by scientists in a lab (JCVI-Syn3.0) required 438 unique proteins, totaling over 77,000 total proteins, to keep it alive. This gives us a scientifically observed and confirmed minimal cellular requirement. It's absurd to believe Life arose by chance natural processes.

Divinely Designed

168,772 views • 6 months ago

Together with UC Berkeley we are announcing the laser phase plate - a breakthrough in atomic resolution imaging. This is the brightest continuous wave laser in the world, 100 million times the intensity of the surface of the sun. Phase contrast plays an important role in microscopy, but it was thought close to impossible for electron microscopy, where it would require interfering with an electron beam. Holger Mueller and Robert Glaeser proposed exactly this using a standing wave laser. It has taken over 15 years to make this a reality. Biohub partnered with UC Berkeley and Mueller to support this work and to engineer and build the technology. Contrast has been the critical barrier to achieving atomic resolution imaging of the cell. In cryo-electron tomography, a cellular imaging technology that uses electron microscopy, the low contrast makes it impossible to resolve anything but the largest proteins within their cellular context. The laser phase plate removes that barrier. With advances in AI this breakthrough in contrast will start to open up a new frontier in structural biology, that will allow us to see the molecular machines of the cell, and how they assemble into far more complex and dynamic systems, and understand how they work.

Together with UC Berkeley we are announcing the laser phase plate - a breakthrough in atomic resolution imaging. This is the brightest continuous wave laser in the world, 100 million times the intensity of the surface of the sun. Phase contrast plays an important role in microscopy, but it was thought close to impossible for electron microscopy, where it would require interfering with an electron beam. Holger Mueller and Robert Glaeser proposed exactly this using a standing wave laser. It has taken over 15 years to make this a reality. Biohub partnered with UC Berkeley and Mueller to support this work and to engineer and build the technology. Contrast has been the critical barrier to achieving atomic resolution imaging of the cell. In cryo-electron tomography, a cellular imaging technology that uses electron microscopy, the low contrast makes it impossible to resolve anything but the largest proteins within their cellular context. The laser phase plate removes that barrier. With advances in AI this breakthrough in contrast will start to open up a new frontier in structural biology, that will allow us to see the molecular machines of the cell, and how they assemble into far more complex and dynamic systems, and understand how they work.

Alex Rives

655,498 views • 1 month ago

Nick Lane thinks that half of the 20 billion Earth-like planets in the Milky Way will spontaneously generate early organics like nucleotides and amino acids. Because the chemistry which leads to their formation is so favored. But then where are all the aliens? The bottleneck to complex life, in his view, are eukaryotes. All the complex life you see around you is made of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are typically 1000x bigger in volume and genome size. The key advantage eukaryotes have is that the mitochondrial genome is distinct from the nuclear genome. Respiration requires the relevant genes to be right there on site. For bacteria, respiration happens on the cell surface. If a bacterial cell were to expand, it would need to copy its entire genome across the entire membrane many, many times over. If a eukaryotic cell wants to get bigger, it just needs more mitochondria, which means it only needs to copy the mitochondrial genome (much much smaller than the full nuclear genome). I found it a bit hard to believe that over the hundreds of millions of planets in the Milky Way which apparently have early life, none of them found a way to scale respiration. There’s no other way to get a shorter sequence of genes close to the site of respiration? You have to have this super-duper rare endosymbiotic event? Pushed him about this. Full interview out tomorrow!

Nick Lane thinks that half of the 20 billion Earth-like planets in the Milky Way will spontaneously generate early organics like nucleotides and amino acids. Because the chemistry which leads to their formation is so favored. But then where are all the aliens? The bottleneck to complex life, in his view, are eukaryotes. All the complex life you see around you is made of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are typically 1000x bigger in volume and genome size. The key advantage eukaryotes have is that the mitochondrial genome is distinct from the nuclear genome. Respiration requires the relevant genes to be right there on site. For bacteria, respiration happens on the cell surface. If a bacterial cell were to expand, it would need to copy its entire genome across the entire membrane many, many times over. If a eukaryotic cell wants to get bigger, it just needs more mitochondria, which means it only needs to copy the mitochondrial genome (much much smaller than the full nuclear genome). I found it a bit hard to believe that over the hundreds of millions of planets in the Milky Way which apparently have early life, none of them found a way to scale respiration. There’s no other way to get a shorter sequence of genes close to the site of respiration? You have to have this super-duper rare endosymbiotic event? Pushed him about this. Full interview out tomorrow!

Dwarkesh Patel

209,687 views • 9 months ago

This is ATP Synthase It produces energy for every cell in every lifeform on the planet. Without ATP Synthase, life doesn't exist. It is an intelligently designed system. It cannot evolve, because the very process of evolution itself requires it - you can't get it until you have it, but without it you can't get it. It's dumb to think this arose by accident. It requires 8 distinct proteins, all formed to function together in perfect harmony. All 8 proteins need to arise and fit together perfectly from the beginning, or life never starts. It can't arise piece by piece through mutation & selection because mutation & selection require it first. This is clear evidence of an intelligently designed system in Life.

This is ATP Synthase It produces energy for every cell in every lifeform on the planet. Without ATP Synthase, life doesn't exist. It is an intelligently designed system. It cannot evolve, because the very process of evolution itself requires it - you can't get it until you have it, but without it you can't get it. It's dumb to think this arose by accident. It requires 8 distinct proteins, all formed to function together in perfect harmony. All 8 proteins need to arise and fit together perfectly from the beginning, or life never starts. It can't arise piece by piece through mutation & selection because mutation & selection require it first. This is clear evidence of an intelligently designed system in Life.

Divinely Designed

110,882 views • 6 months ago