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Vision-language models (VLMs) can see well, but they struggle to reason. In this episode, Antonia Wüst (PhD researcher, TU Darmstadt) explains how combining VLMs with program synthesis yields more reliable visual reasoning, with fewer tokens than chain-of-thought.

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22,130 просмотров • 8 месяцев назад •via X (Twitter)

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🚀 New Paper: Pixel Reasoner 🧠🖼️ How can Vision-Language Models (VLMs) perform chain-of-thought reasoning within the image itself? We introduce Pixel Reasoner, the first open-source framework that enables VLMs to “think in pixel space” through curiosity-driven reinforcement learning. Current VLMs reason only in text — even when grounded in rich images or videos, their logical steps are verbalized in natural language. This restricts their ability to interrogate visual evidence and demonstrate how conclusions are drawn. 🔍 So we ask: What if we could make VLMs "show their work" by reasoning directly in the pixel space? Inspired by GPT-o3’s "think-in-image" ability, we propose a framework where VLMs use interactive visual operations — zoom, select-frame, highlight — to reason through complex visual inputs. To do this, we design a two-stage training process: Instruction tuning with synthesized visual reasoning traces. Reinforcement learning with curiosity-driven reward to balance exploration between pixel and text reasoning ✨ With this, Pixel Reasoner achieves near-SoTA performance on many information-rich multimodal benchmarks: 📊 84% on InfographicsVQA 🧠 84% on V* benchmark 🧩 74% on TallyQA-Complex It also achieves strong accuracy of 68% on MVBench (a video benchmark). Website: Paper: Code: Demo: (coming soon)
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🚀 New Paper: Pixel Reasoner 🧠🖼️ How can Vision-Language Models (VLMs) perform chain-of-thought reasoning within the image itself? We introduce Pixel Reasoner, the first open-source framework that enables VLMs to “think in pixel space” through curiosity-driven reinforcement learning. Current VLMs reason only in text — even when grounded in rich images or videos, their logical steps are verbalized in natural language. This restricts their ability to interrogate visual evidence and demonstrate how conclusions are drawn. 🔍 So we ask: What if we could make VLMs "show their work" by reasoning directly in the pixel space? Inspired by GPT-o3’s "think-in-image" ability, we propose a framework where VLMs use interactive visual operations — zoom, select-frame, highlight — to reason through complex visual inputs. To do this, we design a two-stage training process: Instruction tuning with synthesized visual reasoning traces. Reinforcement learning with curiosity-driven reward to balance exploration between pixel and text reasoning ✨ With this, Pixel Reasoner achieves near-SoTA performance on many information-rich multimodal benchmarks: 📊 84% on InfographicsVQA 🧠 84% on V* benchmark 🧩 74% on TallyQA-Complex It also achieves strong accuracy of 68% on MVBench (a video benchmark). Website: Paper: Code: Demo: (coming soon)

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82,829 просмотров • 1 год назад

Chain-of-thought reasoning is a powerful tool to enable language models to work through complex problems. Can we use this with robots? With embodied chain-of-thought, vision-language-action (VLA) models can think through perception and planning! A 🧵👇
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Chain-of-thought reasoning is a powerful tool to enable language models to work through complex problems. Can we use this with robots? With embodied chain-of-thought, vision-language-action (VLA) models can think through perception and planning! A 🧵👇

Sergey Levine

30,485 просмотров • 2 лет назад

Today we’re releasing OpenEQA — the Open-Vocabulary Embodied Question Answering Benchmark. It measures an AI agent’s understanding of physical environments by probing it with open vocabulary questions like “Where did I leave my badge?” More details ➡️ All of today’s state-of-art vision+language models (VLMs) fall well short of human performance. In fact, for questions that require spatial understanding, today’s VLMs are nearly “blind” – access to visual content provides only minor improvements over language-only models. We hope that OpenEQA motivates additional research into helping AI understand and communicate about the world it sees.
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Today we’re releasing OpenEQA — the Open-Vocabulary Embodied Question Answering Benchmark. It measures an AI agent’s understanding of physical environments by probing it with open vocabulary questions like “Where did I leave my badge?” More details ➡️ All of today’s state-of-art vision+language models (VLMs) fall well short of human performance. In fact, for questions that require spatial understanding, today’s VLMs are nearly “blind” – access to visual content provides only minor improvements over language-only models. We hope that OpenEQA motivates additional research into helping AI understand and communicate about the world it sees.

AI at Meta

407,198 просмотров • 2 лет назад

Pretraining is essential for good performance on a wide variety of robotics tasks, and so most vision-language-action models build off of a vision language model (VLM) trained on a wide variety of image-language data. But how does the choice of VLM translate to downstream robotics performance? Jianke Zhang and @GYanjiang join us to talk about this key part of the robot policy, looking at a wide variety of different VLMs and how they perform. Interestingly, they see that performance on auxiliary tasks like quesiton answering did not lead to downstream improvements in control. To learn more, watch episode 65 of RoboPapers now, with Chris Paxton and Jiafei Duan!
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Pretraining is essential for good performance on a wide variety of robotics tasks, and so most vision-language-action models build off of a vision language model (VLM) trained on a wide variety of image-language data. But how does the choice of VLM translate to downstream robotics performance? Jianke Zhang and @GYanjiang join us to talk about this key part of the robot policy, looking at a wide variety of different VLMs and how they perform. Interestingly, they see that performance on auxiliary tasks like quesiton answering did not lead to downstream improvements in control. To learn more, watch episode 65 of RoboPapers now, with Chris Paxton and Jiafei Duan!

RoboPapers

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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) can describe the environment, but can they refer within it? Our findings reveal a critical gap: VLMs fall short of pragmatic optimality. We identify 3 key failures of pragmatic competence in referring expression generation with VLMs: (1) cannot uniquely refer to the referent, (2) include excessive or irrelevant information, and (3) misalign with human pragmatic preferences. We introduce RefOI, a new dataset of 1.5k objects, each with 3 written and 2 spoken human-produced referring expressions. We also release RefOI-TLHF, a large dataset of token-level human feedback for 10.6k referring expressions. 👀 📄 Excited to colead this project with the amazing JaneDing, and huge thanks to the dream team Xuejun Zhang Dezhi Luo Diiikee @6SihanXu Yuchen Huang Roihn Run Peng 彭润 Michigan SLED Lab.
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Vision-Language Models (VLMs) can describe the environment, but can they refer within it? Our findings reveal a critical gap: VLMs fall short of pragmatic optimality. We identify 3 key failures of pragmatic competence in referring expression generation with VLMs: (1) cannot uniquely refer to the referent, (2) include excessive or irrelevant information, and (3) misalign with human pragmatic preferences. We introduce RefOI, a new dataset of 1.5k objects, each with 3 written and 2 spoken human-produced referring expressions. We also release RefOI-TLHF, a large dataset of token-level human feedback for 10.6k referring expressions. 👀 📄 Excited to colead this project with the amazing JaneDing, and huge thanks to the dream team Xuejun Zhang Dezhi Luo Diiikee @6SihanXu Yuchen Huang Roihn Run Peng 彭润 Michigan SLED Lab.

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Introducing the Ndea podcast - Abstract Synthesis. Hear the stories behind interesting academic papers in the world of program synthesis. Episode 1 features Mark Santolucito, Barnard College/Columbia University, discussing his paper "Grammar Filtering for Syntax-Guided Synthesis".
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Introducing the Ndea podcast - Abstract Synthesis. Hear the stories behind interesting academic papers in the world of program synthesis. Episode 1 features Mark Santolucito, Barnard College/Columbia University, discussing his paper "Grammar Filtering for Syntax-Guided Synthesis".

Ndea

15,917 просмотров • 9 месяцев назад

Do Vision-Language Models represent space, and how? Spatial terms like "left" or "right" may not be enough to match images with spatial descriptions, as we often overlook the different frames of reference (FoR) used by speakers and listeners. See Figure 1 for examples! Introducing the COnsistent Multilingual Frame Of Reference Test (COMFORT), an evaluation protocol to assess the spatial reasoning capabilities of VLMs. COMFORT includes systematically designed datasets and metrics that evaluate model performance, and their deeper linguistic competence, specifically the spatial knowledge encoded in their internal representations. Find out more in the video teaser! Almost all VLMs prefer the egocentric relative FoR with reflected transform, similar to English. Yet, we reveal significant shortcomings of VLMs: notably, the models (1) exhibit poor robustness and consistency, (2) lack the flexibility to accommodate multiple FoRs, and (3) fail to adhere to language-specific or culture-specific conventions in cross-lingual tests, as English tends to dominate other languages. A shortened version will appear in Pluralistic Alignment Workshop Pluralistic Alignment Workshop #NeurIPS2024. It seems that the ArXiv moderators put it on hold and are eager to give it a thorough read first🤣! So here is the Paper/Code/Data: This collaboration turns out to be amazing, jointly led by Brian Zheyuan Zhang, @Hu_FY_ Jayjun Lee, with so many contributions and insights from Freda Shi, Parisa Kordjamshidi Michigan SLED Lab. With a growing effort to align vision-language models with human cognitive intuitions, we call for more attention to the ambiguous nature and cross-cultural diversity of spatial reasoning!
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Do Vision-Language Models represent space, and how? Spatial terms like "left" or "right" may not be enough to match images with spatial descriptions, as we often overlook the different frames of reference (FoR) used by speakers and listeners. See Figure 1 for examples! Introducing the COnsistent Multilingual Frame Of Reference Test (COMFORT), an evaluation protocol to assess the spatial reasoning capabilities of VLMs. COMFORT includes systematically designed datasets and metrics that evaluate model performance, and their deeper linguistic competence, specifically the spatial knowledge encoded in their internal representations. Find out more in the video teaser! Almost all VLMs prefer the egocentric relative FoR with reflected transform, similar to English. Yet, we reveal significant shortcomings of VLMs: notably, the models (1) exhibit poor robustness and consistency, (2) lack the flexibility to accommodate multiple FoRs, and (3) fail to adhere to language-specific or culture-specific conventions in cross-lingual tests, as English tends to dominate other languages. A shortened version will appear in Pluralistic Alignment Workshop Pluralistic Alignment Workshop #NeurIPS2024. It seems that the ArXiv moderators put it on hold and are eager to give it a thorough read first🤣! So here is the Paper/Code/Data: This collaboration turns out to be amazing, jointly led by Brian Zheyuan Zhang, @Hu_FY_ Jayjun Lee, with so many contributions and insights from Freda Shi, Parisa Kordjamshidi Michigan SLED Lab. With a growing effort to align vision-language models with human cognitive intuitions, we call for more attention to the ambiguous nature and cross-cultural diversity of spatial reasoning!

Martin Ziqiao Ma

35,595 просмотров • 1 год назад

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3D-LLM: Injecting the 3D World into Large Language Models paper page: Large language models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been proven to excel at multiple tasks, such as commonsense reasoning. Powerful as these models can be, they are not grounded in the 3D physical world, which involves richer concepts such as spatial relationships, affordances, physics, layout, and so on. In this work, we propose to inject the 3D world into large language models and introduce a whole new family of 3D-LLMs. Specifically, 3D-LLMs can take 3D point clouds and their features as input and perform a diverse set of 3D-related tasks, including captioning, dense captioning, 3D question answering, task decomposition, 3D grounding, 3D-assisted dialog, navigation, and so on. Using three types of prompting mechanisms that we design, we are able to collect over 300k 3D-language data covering these tasks. To efficiently train 3D-LLMs, we first utilize a 3D feature extractor that obtains 3D features from rendered multi- view images. Then, we use 2D VLMs as our backbones to train our 3D-LLMs. By introducing a 3D localization mechanism, 3D-LLMs can better capture 3D spatial information. Experiments on ScanQA show that our model outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by a large margin (e.g., the BLEU-1 score surpasses state-of-the-art score by 9%). Furthermore, experiments on our held-in datasets for 3D captioning, task composition, and 3D-assisted dialogue show that our model outperforms 2D VLMs. Qualitative examples also show that our model could perform more tasks beyond the scope of existing LLMs and VLMs.

AK

249,798 просмотров • 3 лет назад

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On the pod: our most-requested guest! Kevin Ellis from Cornell University shares the origins of his influential neurosymbolic paper "DreamCoder". Plus: program synthesis, wake-sleep library learning, world models, running an AI research lab, and more.

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On the pod: "Constrained Adaptive Rejection Sampling" with UCSD CSE professor Loris D'Antoni. Hear how symbolic AI experts have navigated the LLM era and why the future of AI code generation depends on program synthesis and formal methods.

Ndea

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At Mercor, we connect PhDs and researchers with high-paying, high-impact work training shaping the future of frontier AI models. This year, we expanded that mission with the Mercor Graduate Fellowship, awarding $50K to students doing extraordinary work. We’re excited to introduce one of our 2025 fellows: Neil Band. Neil is a third-year Stanford CS PhD student researching how to make language models safer and more reliable. His work tackles hallucinations, uncertainty calibration, and advanced reasoning in LLMs. With the support of this fellowship, Neil can focus on pushing the boundaries of trustworthy AI, taking on more ambitious, forward-looking research. We're proud to support Neil as he builds the future of trustworthy AI.

Mercor

23,435 просмотров • 1 год назад

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The Surprising Performance Drivers of HRM. A paper talk from Ndea AI researcher Konstantin Schürholt. We ran a series of ablation studies to determine what factors had the biggest impact on the Hierarchical Reasoning Model's performance on ARC-AGI.

Ndea

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Reasoning over long horizons would allow robots to generalize better to unseen environments and settings zero-shot. One mechanism for this kind of reasoning would be world models, but traditional video world models still tend to struggle with long horizons, and are very data intensive to train. But what if instead of predicting images about the future, we predicted just the symbolic information necessary for reasoning? Nishanth Kumar tells us about Pixels to Predicates, a method for symbol grounding which allows a VLM to plan sequences of robot skills to achieve unseen goals in previously unseen settings. To find out more, watch episode #44 of RoboPapers with Michael Cho - Rbt/Acc and Chris Paxton now!
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Reasoning over long horizons would allow robots to generalize better to unseen environments and settings zero-shot. One mechanism for this kind of reasoning would be world models, but traditional video world models still tend to struggle with long horizons, and are very data intensive to train. But what if instead of predicting images about the future, we predicted just the symbolic information necessary for reasoning? Nishanth Kumar tells us about Pixels to Predicates, a method for symbol grounding which allows a VLM to plan sequences of robot skills to achieve unseen goals in previously unseen settings. To find out more, watch episode #44 of RoboPapers with Michael Cho - Rbt/Acc and Chris Paxton now!

RoboPapers

19,749 просмотров • 10 месяцев назад

Introducing Reinforcement-Learned Teachers (RLTs): Transforming how we teach LLMs to reason with reinforcement learning (RL). Blog: Paper: Traditional RL focuses on “learning to solve” challenging problems with expensive LLMs and constitutes a key step in making student AI systems ultimately acquire reasoning capabilities via distillation and cold-starting. Enter our RLTs—a new class of models prompted with not only a problem’s question but also its solution, and directly trained to generate clear, step-by-step “explanations” to teach their students. Remarkably, an RLT with only 7B parameters produces superior results when distilling and cold-starting students in competitive and graduate-level reasoning tasks than orders-of-magnitude larger LLMs. RLTs are as effective even when distilling 32B students, much larger than the teacher itself—unlocking a new standard for efficiency in developing reasoning language models with RL. Code:
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Introducing Reinforcement-Learned Teachers (RLTs): Transforming how we teach LLMs to reason with reinforcement learning (RL). Blog: Paper: Traditional RL focuses on “learning to solve” challenging problems with expensive LLMs and constitutes a key step in making student AI systems ultimately acquire reasoning capabilities via distillation and cold-starting. Enter our RLTs—a new class of models prompted with not only a problem’s question but also its solution, and directly trained to generate clear, step-by-step “explanations” to teach their students. Remarkably, an RLT with only 7B parameters produces superior results when distilling and cold-starting students in competitive and graduate-level reasoning tasks than orders-of-magnitude larger LLMs. RLTs are as effective even when distilling 32B students, much larger than the teacher itself—unlocking a new standard for efficiency in developing reasoning language models with RL. Code:

Sakana AI

179,410 просмотров • 1 год назад

Yann LeCun just said something that every AI-in-healthcare researcher should sit with. He basically said: If language were enough to understand the world, you could learn medicine by reading books. But you can’t. You need residency. You need to see thousands of normal cases before you recognize the abnormal one. He also points out something wild — all the public text on the internet is on the order of 10¹⁴ bytes. A 4-year-old processes about that much through vision alone. The world is just… higher bandwidth than text. I think this shift — from language models to world models — is going to matter a lot in healthcare. 🫀
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Yann LeCun just said something that every AI-in-healthcare researcher should sit with. He basically said: If language were enough to understand the world, you could learn medicine by reading books. But you can’t. You need residency. You need to see thousands of normal cases before you recognize the abnormal one. He also points out something wild — all the public text on the internet is on the order of 10¹⁴ bytes. A 4-year-old processes about that much through vision alone. The world is just… higher bandwidth than text. I think this shift — from language models to world models — is going to matter a lot in healthcare. 🫀

Bo Wang

419,074 просмотров • 7 месяцев назад

I completely agree with this. And IMHO,on that day they showed us more than they were supposed to.All those tiny details are driving me crazy! They’ve studied eo's bodies to the point where they know how to give pleasure,but they still know how far they can go in front of others
1:46

I completely agree with this. And IMHO,on that day they showed us more than they were supposed to.All those tiny details are driving me crazy! They’ve studied eo's bodies to the point where they know how to give pleasure,but they still know how far they can go in front of others

tianyu

16,101 просмотров • 22 дней назад

Nothing worse than letting unchecked AI agents use your data without guardrails. AI apps are becoming more useful, but with that, they are getting access to more of our data. Now imagine that access in a family context, where the app can access everyone's emails, calendars, chats, photos, etc. I'm not sure how this works in practice, but I'm looking forward to using this app for a couple of weeks to see exactly how much I can trust it.
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Nothing worse than letting unchecked AI agents use your data without guardrails. AI apps are becoming more useful, but with that, they are getting access to more of our data. Now imagine that access in a family context, where the app can access everyone's emails, calendars, chats, photos, etc. I'm not sure how this works in practice, but I'm looking forward to using this app for a couple of weeks to see exactly how much I can trust it.

Santiago

17,061 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

Exa CEO Will Bryk explains why retrieval can help solve the tokenpocalypse: "We should not be using gigantic models for every task." "You should use a family of models of different sizes. The big model decides what to do, and it dishes out commands to the small models, and those small models can be way more accurate and reliable if they're using retrieval." "Retrieval helps small models act like big models... We do save our customers a huge amount of tokens because they can use smaller models and use retrieval." "We could save 20x on cost for customers compared to other providers by being very efficient in what information from the web the agent actually sees." Will Bryk with Sarah Wang
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Exa CEO Will Bryk explains why retrieval can help solve the tokenpocalypse: "We should not be using gigantic models for every task." "You should use a family of models of different sizes. The big model decides what to do, and it dishes out commands to the small models, and those small models can be way more accurate and reliable if they're using retrieval." "Retrieval helps small models act like big models... We do save our customers a huge amount of tokens because they can use smaller models and use retrieval." "We could save 20x on cost for customers compared to other providers by being very efficient in what information from the web the agent actually sees." Will Bryk with Sarah Wang

a16z

25,144 просмотров • 3 месяцев назад

Demis Hassabis says world models are his longest standing passion and explains benefits vs. language models: ▫️ “I think language models are able to understand a lot about the world. More than we expected because language is actually probably richer than we thought. But there's still a lot about the spatial dynamics of the world, spatial awareness and the physical context we're in — and how that works mechanically — that is hard to describe in words and isn't generally described in corpuses of words. Alot of this is allied to learning from experience. There's a lot of things which you can't really describe something. You have to just experience it. Maybe the senses and so on are very hard to put into words. Whether that's motor angles and smell and these kinds of senses, it's very difficult to describe that in any kind of language.”▫️ This is what Demis and Google Deepmind is trying to solve with Genie. He also says that the video models (Veo) will play a part in training the world models and this is all key for AI robotics.
2:32

Demis Hassabis says world models are his longest standing passion and explains benefits vs. language models: ▫️ “I think language models are able to understand a lot about the world. More than we expected because language is actually probably richer than we thought. But there's still a lot about the spatial dynamics of the world, spatial awareness and the physical context we're in — and how that works mechanically — that is hard to describe in words and isn't generally described in corpuses of words. Alot of this is allied to learning from experience. There's a lot of things which you can't really describe something. You have to just experience it. Maybe the senses and so on are very hard to put into words. Whether that's motor angles and smell and these kinds of senses, it's very difficult to describe that in any kind of language.”▫️ This is what Demis and Google Deepmind is trying to solve with Genie. He also says that the video models (Veo) will play a part in training the world models and this is all key for AI robotics.

Bearly AI

123,703 просмотров • 9 месяцев назад

Autonomous driving with Chain of Thought - autopilot thinking out loud in text! LINGO-1 is the most interesting work I've read in autodriving for a while. Before: perception -> driving action After: perception -> textual reasoning -> action LINGO-1 trains a video-language model that comments on the ongoing scene. You can ask it to explain its decisions ("why are you stopped?") and planning ("what are you gonna do next?"). The explicit reasoning step comes with key benefits: - Explainability: driving models are no longer a mysterious blackbox that you pray for safety. - Counterfactuals: it's able to imagine scenarios that are not in the training data, and reason through how to handle them correctly. - Long-tail programming: there are soooo many edge cases in driving. It's impossible to have good data coverage on everything. Instead of collecting 1000s of examples to "neural program" a case, you can now have a human teacher write prompts to explain a handful of examples. LINGO-1 is closely related to a few works in game AI: - MineDojo (my team's work at NVIDIA, learns a reward model that aligns Minecraft gameplay videos with their transcripts. The model, called "MineCLIP", is able to ground commentary text in the video pixels. - Thought Cloning (Jeff Clune): pixel -> language -> action loop in gridworlds.
0:35

Autonomous driving with Chain of Thought - autopilot thinking out loud in text! LINGO-1 is the most interesting work I've read in autodriving for a while. Before: perception -> driving action After: perception -> textual reasoning -> action LINGO-1 trains a video-language model that comments on the ongoing scene. You can ask it to explain its decisions ("why are you stopped?") and planning ("what are you gonna do next?"). The explicit reasoning step comes with key benefits: - Explainability: driving models are no longer a mysterious blackbox that you pray for safety. - Counterfactuals: it's able to imagine scenarios that are not in the training data, and reason through how to handle them correctly. - Long-tail programming: there are soooo many edge cases in driving. It's impossible to have good data coverage on everything. Instead of collecting 1000s of examples to "neural program" a case, you can now have a human teacher write prompts to explain a handful of examples. LINGO-1 is closely related to a few works in game AI: - MineDojo (my team's work at NVIDIA, learns a reward model that aligns Minecraft gameplay videos with their transcripts. The model, called "MineCLIP", is able to ground commentary text in the video pixels. - Thought Cloning (Jeff Clune): pixel -> language -> action loop in gridworlds.

Jim Fan

552,835 просмотров • 3 лет назад