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ACCELERATOR-BASED LITHOGRAPHY AND THE INDUCTION STORAGE RING LIGHT SOURCE The future of chipmaking may look less like a factory and more like a power grid. The proposed “Terafab” paradigm reimagines semiconductor manufacturing at utility scale: chip design, wafer fabrication, EUV lithography, memory, advanced packaging, and testing all under one...

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12,186 views • 15 days ago •via X (Twitter)

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EUV machines are the most complicated tools humans make. Their supply chain has over 10,000 individual suppliers, and any one of them not scaling fast enough can bottleneck the entire AI industry. An EUV tool fires lasers at a tiny tin droplet three times in precise sequence, blasting it hard enough to emit EUV light. That light bounces off 18 multilayer mirrors onto the wafer. Meanwhile, the two platforms inside the machine - one holding the stencil, one holding the chip - are flying back and forth at 9Gs in opposite directions. The successive passes have to land on top of each other to within 3 nanometers. If any part of this is off, yield goes to zero. Take just one component. The mirrors are mostly supplied by Carl Zeiss, who have probably fewer than a thousand people working on them. In turn, Carl Zeiss rely on machines from Switzerland to deposit each of the layers, and use a coating process co-developed with a different German company. None of these companies have woken up. They’re gradually increasing production, but nowhere near the levels necessary for what the labs want by the end of the decade. Dylan Patel predicts production can't scale beyond about 100 EUV machines per year by 2030, no matter how much money gets thrown at the problem. In the medium term this is the key bottleneck on scaling.
4:09

EUV machines are the most complicated tools humans make. Their supply chain has over 10,000 individual suppliers, and any one of them not scaling fast enough can bottleneck the entire AI industry. An EUV tool fires lasers at a tiny tin droplet three times in precise sequence, blasting it hard enough to emit EUV light. That light bounces off 18 multilayer mirrors onto the wafer. Meanwhile, the two platforms inside the machine - one holding the stencil, one holding the chip - are flying back and forth at 9Gs in opposite directions. The successive passes have to land on top of each other to within 3 nanometers. If any part of this is off, yield goes to zero. Take just one component. The mirrors are mostly supplied by Carl Zeiss, who have probably fewer than a thousand people working on them. In turn, Carl Zeiss rely on machines from Switzerland to deposit each of the layers, and use a coating process co-developed with a different German company. None of these companies have woken up. They’re gradually increasing production, but nowhere near the levels necessary for what the labs want by the end of the decade. Dylan Patel predicts production can't scale beyond about 100 EUV machines per year by 2030, no matter how much money gets thrown at the problem. In the medium term this is the key bottleneck on scaling.

Dwarkesh Patel

154,271 views • 5 months ago

SITUATION EXPLAINED: A Chinese state-backed company started mass-producing DUV lithography tools, a step below EUV but still significant. • ASML shares fell as much as 6.5%, their lowest since early June, after The Information reported a Shanghai-based, state-backed company began mass-producing immersion DUV lithography machines • The company is Shanghai Yuliangsheng, with ties to Huawei and the SiCarrier equipment group, it brought together immersion DUV development teams from other Chinese firms • Plans call for 5 tools this year and 20 next year, with confirmed customers SMIC, CXMT, and Hua Hong Semiconductor • Real caveat: SMIC has actually been trialing this tool since September 2025, and active mass production isn't targeted until 2027 at the earliest • Independent analysis from the AI Futures Project puts commercial-scale Chinese immersion DUV in the mid-2030s, with ASML still holding 98.7% of the immersion lithography market • Chinese chipmakers are currently only allowed to buy ASML's older DUV tools, not its cutting-edge EUV machines • The MATCH Act, moving through Congress, would widen restrictions specifically on immersion DUV equipment • China is separately developing its own domestic EUV machine, but that project remains at the prototype stage and is likely years away from producing working chips • Nikon and Canon are the only other established DUV/lithography vendors outside ASML, alongside SMEE as another Chinese domestic challenger Theo Jaffee: "Someone has to own the bottom of the market. Chinese DUV would be the same thing for ASML. The frontier leading-edge chip fabs will still be using ASML EUV machines, but less leading-edge fabs would use DUV machines, like, for example, it would be really helpful for Huawei."
3:04

SITUATION EXPLAINED: A Chinese state-backed company started mass-producing DUV lithography tools, a step below EUV but still significant. • ASML shares fell as much as 6.5%, their lowest since early June, after The Information reported a Shanghai-based, state-backed company began mass-producing immersion DUV lithography machines • The company is Shanghai Yuliangsheng, with ties to Huawei and the SiCarrier equipment group, it brought together immersion DUV development teams from other Chinese firms • Plans call for 5 tools this year and 20 next year, with confirmed customers SMIC, CXMT, and Hua Hong Semiconductor • Real caveat: SMIC has actually been trialing this tool since September 2025, and active mass production isn't targeted until 2027 at the earliest • Independent analysis from the AI Futures Project puts commercial-scale Chinese immersion DUV in the mid-2030s, with ASML still holding 98.7% of the immersion lithography market • Chinese chipmakers are currently only allowed to buy ASML's older DUV tools, not its cutting-edge EUV machines • The MATCH Act, moving through Congress, would widen restrictions specifically on immersion DUV equipment • China is separately developing its own domestic EUV machine, but that project remains at the prototype stage and is likely years away from producing working chips • Nikon and Canon are the only other established DUV/lithography vendors outside ASML, alongside SMEE as another Chinese domestic challenger Theo Jaffee: "Someone has to own the bottom of the market. Chinese DUV would be the same thing for ASML. The frontier leading-edge chip fabs will still be using ASML EUV machines, but less leading-edge fabs would use DUV machines, like, for example, it would be really helpful for Huawei."

MTS

16,220 views • 27 days ago

Many still don’t understand why Elon is building Terafab Terafab is an extension to all the chip makers in the world It’s not about replacement, not a rivalry and absolutely not competing It’s being built to fulfill the massive chip orders that Tesla, SpaceX and xAI actually need TSMC’s most advanced 2nm capacity is totally booked through 2028 Tesla signed a massive $16.5 billion deal with Samsung back in July 2025 to produce AI6 chips at their Taylor, Texas factory and Samsung is building a Tesla Exclusive chip manufacturing plant to full fill this orders When Elon announced Terafab on March 21, 2026...he made it clear: “That rate is much less than we’d like. We either build the Terafab or we don’t have the chips, and we need the chips, so we build the Terafab” He basically told the chip makers: “Produce as much as you comfortably can. We will take them all. Actually we want even more” Even today Elon said: "SpaceX/Tesla will be always be major customers of TSMC and not competitors in the normal sense of the word" Current production rates are much less than they need....That’s why Terafab exists Terafab is an extension to every chip maker… not competition, not rivalry, absolutely not Even Intel has joined as a partner Even if chip supply improves, massive bottlenecks still exist with memory and advanced packaging You simply can't risk those supply chain breaks at this scale That’s why Terafab is being built to vertically integrate everything - chips, memory, advanced packaging all under one roof, targeting 1 terawatt of AI compute capacity per year This is a ludicrous amount of chips that no chipmaker currently produces at this scale. I don't think even TSMC and Samsung truly understand these numbers yet It’s about building the capacity the future actually demands
0:36

Many still don’t understand why Elon is building Terafab Terafab is an extension to all the chip makers in the world It’s not about replacement, not a rivalry and absolutely not competing It’s being built to fulfill the massive chip orders that Tesla, SpaceX and xAI actually need TSMC’s most advanced 2nm capacity is totally booked through 2028 Tesla signed a massive $16.5 billion deal with Samsung back in July 2025 to produce AI6 chips at their Taylor, Texas factory and Samsung is building a Tesla Exclusive chip manufacturing plant to full fill this orders When Elon announced Terafab on March 21, 2026...he made it clear: “That rate is much less than we’d like. We either build the Terafab or we don’t have the chips, and we need the chips, so we build the Terafab” He basically told the chip makers: “Produce as much as you comfortably can. We will take them all. Actually we want even more” Even today Elon said: "SpaceX/Tesla will be always be major customers of TSMC and not competitors in the normal sense of the word" Current production rates are much less than they need....That’s why Terafab exists Terafab is an extension to every chip maker… not competition, not rivalry, absolutely not Even Intel has joined as a partner Even if chip supply improves, massive bottlenecks still exist with memory and advanced packaging You simply can't risk those supply chain breaks at this scale That’s why Terafab is being built to vertically integrate everything - chips, memory, advanced packaging all under one roof, targeting 1 terawatt of AI compute capacity per year This is a ludicrous amount of chips that no chipmaker currently produces at this scale. I don't think even TSMC and Samsung truly understand these numbers yet It’s about building the capacity the future actually demands

X Freeze

53,291 views • 4 months ago

Elon Musk announced a chip factory 10 times the size of Tesla's Gigafactory. The goal is to produce enough AI compute to equal twice the entire electricity consumption of the United States. He called it the Terafab. Here is the number that stopped me cold. The entire global AI chip industry right now is on track to hit around 100 gigawatts per year of compute. Every Nvidia GPU, every Google TPU, every chip from every company on earth combined. 100 gigawatts. Musk wants one factory to produce a terawatt per year. A terawatt is 1,000 gigawatts. Ten times the output of the entire global industry. From a single building. To put the scale in physical terms, the Terafab would need to be around 100 million square feet. You would need Starship point to point transport just to get from one end to the other. But the reason for the scale is not ambition for its own sake. To launch meaningful AI compute into space, you need a billion chips per year running at a kilowatt each. That is not a number the current industry can produce. The Terafab is the only way to get there. The timeline he put out: a gigawatt of space AI compute annualized by end of next year. Then 10x per year from there. 10 gigawatts by year two. 100 gigawatts by year three. A terawatt beyond that. Most people think orbital data centers are a decade away. Musk is building the factory to make them possible by next year.
3:26

Elon Musk announced a chip factory 10 times the size of Tesla's Gigafactory. The goal is to produce enough AI compute to equal twice the entire electricity consumption of the United States. He called it the Terafab. Here is the number that stopped me cold. The entire global AI chip industry right now is on track to hit around 100 gigawatts per year of compute. Every Nvidia GPU, every Google TPU, every chip from every company on earth combined. 100 gigawatts. Musk wants one factory to produce a terawatt per year. A terawatt is 1,000 gigawatts. Ten times the output of the entire global industry. From a single building. To put the scale in physical terms, the Terafab would need to be around 100 million square feet. You would need Starship point to point transport just to get from one end to the other. But the reason for the scale is not ambition for its own sake. To launch meaningful AI compute into space, you need a billion chips per year running at a kilowatt each. That is not a number the current industry can produce. The Terafab is the only way to get there. The timeline he put out: a gigawatt of space AI compute annualized by end of next year. Then 10x per year from there. 10 gigawatts by year two. 100 gigawatts by year three. A terawatt beyond that. Most people think orbital data centers are a decade away. Musk is building the factory to make them possible by next year.

Ihtesham Ali

317,824 views • 2 months ago

Elon Musk just explained why the SpaceX IPO is an energy story and the energy constraint is why he believes space becomes the only viable path for AI to scale (Save this). The argument he is making is one of the most important and least understood things happening in technology right now. The United States currently consumes roughly 500 gigawatts of electricity on average. To double that capacity which is what continued AI expansion on the current terrestrial trajectory would eventually require would mean building as many power plants as currently exist in the entire country. He is not arguing that this is technically impossible, just that communities are not willing to accept it, that permitting timelines make it unrealistic, and that the hard ceiling on Earth based power generation means the expansion of AI compute will eventually hit a wall that no amount of capital can overcome on the ground. His observation is that in space, that wall does not exist. A solar panel in orbit produces roughly five times more power than the same panel on Earth, operates in continuous sunlight uninterrupted by weather or nighttime, and benefits from the vacuum of space as a completely passive cooling system meaning the two largest operating costs of any terrestrial data center, energy and cooling, are effectively eliminated. He then said that you could theoretically increase harnessed energy by a factor of one million and still be using less than a millionth of the sun's total energy output. This is the underlying physics of why SpaceX filed with the FCC to launch up to one million solar powered AI satellites, and why they described that constellation in their own filing as a first step toward becoming a Kardashev Type II civilization capable of harnessing the full power of the sun. To understand what makes this credible rather than visionary, you need to understand what SpaceX already controls that no other company on earth possesses. Starship, once operating at full cadence, can deliver 100 to 150 tons of payload to orbit per launch, at a target cost per kilogram that is an order of magnitude lower than any existing vehicle. Musk's stated ambition is to scale Starship to 10,000 to 30,000 launches per year, a frequency that would allow the deployment of orbital compute infrastructure at a pace that is currently unimaginable with any existing rocket. He told xAI staff earlier this year that achieving space-based AI at scale will eventually require manufacturing facilities on the moon, building solar panels and heat dissipation structures from lunar silicon and aluminum, and launching them into orbit from there rather than from Earth's surface because the moon's lower gravity makes the economics of launch dramatically more favorable. SpaceX's S-1 filing explicitly states that its launch capabilities could enable massive AI compute satellite constellations with the potential for millions of satellites for orbital data centers, with the first launch potentially occurring as soon as 2028. Google and Alphabet are already in advanced talks with SpaceX about deploying space-based data centers. Starcloud, a startup running Nvidia H100 GPUs in orbit, has already validated that high-performance AI inference workloads can operate in space, with plans to scale to five gigawatts of orbital compute power by 2035. This is why Musk believes the cost crossover happens in two to three years because SpaceX's launch cost trajectory intersects with the accelerating energy constraint on the ground in a way that makes space genuinely cheaper, faster, and less regulated at exactly the moment AI demand is hitting its hardest physical limits.
1:01

Elon Musk just explained why the SpaceX IPO is an energy story and the energy constraint is why he believes space becomes the only viable path for AI to scale (Save this). The argument he is making is one of the most important and least understood things happening in technology right now. The United States currently consumes roughly 500 gigawatts of electricity on average. To double that capacity which is what continued AI expansion on the current terrestrial trajectory would eventually require would mean building as many power plants as currently exist in the entire country. He is not arguing that this is technically impossible, just that communities are not willing to accept it, that permitting timelines make it unrealistic, and that the hard ceiling on Earth based power generation means the expansion of AI compute will eventually hit a wall that no amount of capital can overcome on the ground. His observation is that in space, that wall does not exist. A solar panel in orbit produces roughly five times more power than the same panel on Earth, operates in continuous sunlight uninterrupted by weather or nighttime, and benefits from the vacuum of space as a completely passive cooling system meaning the two largest operating costs of any terrestrial data center, energy and cooling, are effectively eliminated. He then said that you could theoretically increase harnessed energy by a factor of one million and still be using less than a millionth of the sun's total energy output. This is the underlying physics of why SpaceX filed with the FCC to launch up to one million solar powered AI satellites, and why they described that constellation in their own filing as a first step toward becoming a Kardashev Type II civilization capable of harnessing the full power of the sun. To understand what makes this credible rather than visionary, you need to understand what SpaceX already controls that no other company on earth possesses. Starship, once operating at full cadence, can deliver 100 to 150 tons of payload to orbit per launch, at a target cost per kilogram that is an order of magnitude lower than any existing vehicle. Musk's stated ambition is to scale Starship to 10,000 to 30,000 launches per year, a frequency that would allow the deployment of orbital compute infrastructure at a pace that is currently unimaginable with any existing rocket. He told xAI staff earlier this year that achieving space-based AI at scale will eventually require manufacturing facilities on the moon, building solar panels and heat dissipation structures from lunar silicon and aluminum, and launching them into orbit from there rather than from Earth's surface because the moon's lower gravity makes the economics of launch dramatically more favorable. SpaceX's S-1 filing explicitly states that its launch capabilities could enable massive AI compute satellite constellations with the potential for millions of satellites for orbital data centers, with the first launch potentially occurring as soon as 2028. Google and Alphabet are already in advanced talks with SpaceX about deploying space-based data centers. Starcloud, a startup running Nvidia H100 GPUs in orbit, has already validated that high-performance AI inference workloads can operate in space, with plans to scale to five gigawatts of orbital compute power by 2035. This is why Musk believes the cost crossover happens in two to three years because SpaceX's launch cost trajectory intersects with the accelerating energy constraint on the ground in a way that makes space genuinely cheaper, faster, and less regulated at exactly the moment AI demand is hitting its hardest physical limits.

Milk Road AI

12,738 views • 2 months ago

.Dylan Patel lays out how we know the hard upper bound on how much compute can be produced annually by 2030: around 200 GW/year. That’s a crazy number (there’s about 20 GW of AI deployed in the world right now), but it’s nowhere near enough to satisfy Sam/Elon/Dario/Demis’s ambitions. Lots of things in the supply chain can be scaled up over 4 years, including things that other people think are bottlenecks, like datacenter power or fab clean room space. But the thing that’s inflexible over that timeline is the number of EUV tools. Dylan forecasts that production of ASML’s EUV tools will scale from 60 per year now to about 100 per year by the end of the decade - which means something like 700 total machines running in 2030. For a fab to make a GW worth of the Rubin chips that NVIDIA is deploying later this year, it needs to make 55,000 3nm wafers, 6,000 5nm wafers, and 170,000 memory wafers. Each 3nm wafers needs about 20 EUV passes, so about 1.1 million passes per GW. Adding on 5nm and memory, you need two million passes. Each tool can do 75 passes per hour, so with 90% uptime that’s around 600k passes per year - so a single machine can make less than a third of a GW in a year. So in 2030, we have 700 total machines, each making 0.3ish GW a year, which means we can produce 200 GW of compute a year. That’s a lot. But Sam Altman wants a gigawatt a week by the end of the decade. Anthropic and Google will be wanting about the same. And Elon wants to be putting 100 GW in space every year. Any one of these players could maybe get what they need, but not all of them.
2:03

.Dylan Patel lays out how we know the hard upper bound on how much compute can be produced annually by 2030: around 200 GW/year. That’s a crazy number (there’s about 20 GW of AI deployed in the world right now), but it’s nowhere near enough to satisfy Sam/Elon/Dario/Demis’s ambitions. Lots of things in the supply chain can be scaled up over 4 years, including things that other people think are bottlenecks, like datacenter power or fab clean room space. But the thing that’s inflexible over that timeline is the number of EUV tools. Dylan forecasts that production of ASML’s EUV tools will scale from 60 per year now to about 100 per year by the end of the decade - which means something like 700 total machines running in 2030. For a fab to make a GW worth of the Rubin chips that NVIDIA is deploying later this year, it needs to make 55,000 3nm wafers, 6,000 5nm wafers, and 170,000 memory wafers. Each 3nm wafers needs about 20 EUV passes, so about 1.1 million passes per GW. Adding on 5nm and memory, you need two million passes. Each tool can do 75 passes per hour, so with 90% uptime that’s around 600k passes per year - so a single machine can make less than a third of a GW in a year. So in 2030, we have 700 total machines, each making 0.3ish GW a year, which means we can produce 200 GW of compute a year. That’s a lot. But Sam Altman wants a gigawatt a week by the end of the decade. Anthropic and Google will be wanting about the same. And Elon wants to be putting 100 GW in space every year. Any one of these players could maybe get what they need, but not all of them.

Dwarkesh Patel

114,538 views • 5 months ago

Elon Musk has been saying the same thing for years. Humanity is still underestimating solar energy. Not underestimating it slightly. Fundamentally misunderstanding what it is. Musk: “What would the Earth be without the sun? The Earth would be a frozen dark ice ball at roughly three degrees above absolute zero.” Three degrees above absolute zero. No light. No liquid water. No life. Not a worse version of Earth. A dead rock drifting through nothing. That is the default state of this planet without a single energy source. Everything else is commentary. The sun is not one option on a menu of power generation. It is the only reason biology exists here at all. Musk: “Because of the sun, we are at a quite a nice temperature, quite pleasant. Sort of roughly 300 degrees above absolute zero.” A 297-degree window between civilization and extinction. Every ecosystem, every economy, every human body operates inside that margin. The entire project of life fits between those numbers. And somehow the species looked at the source of all of it and decided it was a secondary energy option. Musk: “The sun powers, almost the entire ecosystem is solar-powered.” Every fossil fuel on Earth is stored solar energy. Oil is ancient sunlight captured by organisms, compressed by geology, buried for millions of years. Drilling for it is harvesting the sun’s output with a 300-million-year delay and a catastrophic loss in efficiency. The original source is still running. It will run for another five billion years. It delivers more energy to Earth’s surface in one hour than humanity consumes in an entire year. One hour versus one year. That is the ratio the world is ignoring. The argument against solar was never physics. It was cost, storage, and scale. Those are engineering problems. Engineering problems get solved. They always do. The compute demands of the next decade alone will require energy production at a scale fossil fuels physically cannot reach. The intelligence explosion does not run on oil. It runs on electricity. The cheapest and most abundant source of electricity is already overhead. It has been overhead for 4.6 billion years. We do not need to discover a new energy source. We need to stop ignoring the one that powers everything we have ever built. The star is right there. The only question left is how fast we build the infrastructure to capture it.
0:43

Elon Musk has been saying the same thing for years. Humanity is still underestimating solar energy. Not underestimating it slightly. Fundamentally misunderstanding what it is. Musk: “What would the Earth be without the sun? The Earth would be a frozen dark ice ball at roughly three degrees above absolute zero.” Three degrees above absolute zero. No light. No liquid water. No life. Not a worse version of Earth. A dead rock drifting through nothing. That is the default state of this planet without a single energy source. Everything else is commentary. The sun is not one option on a menu of power generation. It is the only reason biology exists here at all. Musk: “Because of the sun, we are at a quite a nice temperature, quite pleasant. Sort of roughly 300 degrees above absolute zero.” A 297-degree window between civilization and extinction. Every ecosystem, every economy, every human body operates inside that margin. The entire project of life fits between those numbers. And somehow the species looked at the source of all of it and decided it was a secondary energy option. Musk: “The sun powers, almost the entire ecosystem is solar-powered.” Every fossil fuel on Earth is stored solar energy. Oil is ancient sunlight captured by organisms, compressed by geology, buried for millions of years. Drilling for it is harvesting the sun’s output with a 300-million-year delay and a catastrophic loss in efficiency. The original source is still running. It will run for another five billion years. It delivers more energy to Earth’s surface in one hour than humanity consumes in an entire year. One hour versus one year. That is the ratio the world is ignoring. The argument against solar was never physics. It was cost, storage, and scale. Those are engineering problems. Engineering problems get solved. They always do. The compute demands of the next decade alone will require energy production at a scale fossil fuels physically cannot reach. The intelligence explosion does not run on oil. It runs on electricity. The cheapest and most abundant source of electricity is already overhead. It has been overhead for 4.6 billion years. We do not need to discover a new energy source. We need to stop ignoring the one that powers everything we have ever built. The star is right there. The only question left is how fast we build the infrastructure to capture it.

Dustin

21,499 views • 4 months ago

Universities teach many erroneous models. One example of a misleading teaching is the Newtonian model of the prism. A man named Johann Goethe corrected and complimented Newton's model about 100 years after Newton. It is not the same light passing through the prism and distributing. It is a brand-new light with each beam of color. The primary light hitting the prism is extinguished by the electrons making up the glass of the prism itself. Those same electrons re-emit a brand new light from each angle. That process happens at the rate of c. Serving the illusion that the original white light came it... separated and exited to continue on. Most people rely on outdated text books or the Pink Floyd album cover "Dark Side of the Moon" to get their information about light and color and prisms. The depictions of light "splitting" and "bending" through a prism based on their color is false. (See first comments for attached images and substantiation) I filmed these videos playing around with prisms, lasers, magnifying glasses, mirrors, slits, and colored filters. I've gained my own perspectives on light and color over the years from real world, hands-on experimentation and observation. Most people have never held a real glass prism their own hands and done the tests to see for themselves. 2 prisms for $10 Harmonics of Light and Sound: This guy said his units were confiscated by the FBI and he was threatened not to pursue manufacturing them. The unit is simply a light with a magnifying glass and colored filters to isolate the light. Like burning an ant with a focal point... but with a specific color. The lens can spin and create a stroboscopic effect in an isolated band. The inventor claimed it healed stuff. Dinshah Spectro-Chrome Machine - Tour and Explanation Magenta monochromatic ray of shadow - Pehr Sahlstrom: Color and Physics, Newton versus Goethe - Pehr Sahlstrom: Thomas Joseph Brown Color Theory: Clay Taylor Color Theory: Testing the "Rightness" of relativity. The impossibility of proving something through experiments. Laser and Mirror observation: It's never the same light. Re-emission Example: I put this interactive page together going back and forth with ChatGPT to code using Javascript. Here is a video playing with the slide controls to show 3 different sinewaves (3 different lights/emissions). The packets are ALWAYS in phase from medium to medium. The frequency shifts BECAUSE the velocity of light shifts. NOT a Doppler shift of "the same light" distorting within the same frame of reference. It's a brand new light at each point. The incoming light is a different frame of reference. All the light you ever see is the re-emitted light from the electrons making up yourself. Propagation and Re-Emission of Light: Dr. Edward Dowdye Slides - LOTS of math and context. E.H. Dowdye, Can Stars BEND LIGHT? General Relativity and Gravity with Dr. Edward Dowdye Challenges to Gravitational Lensing and More: 71 Part Video Series (Each vid is 1 min - 1 and a hafl min) The Rebirth of Classical Physics - Time, Light & Gravity Classical Physics vs Relativity - History, Examples and Alternatives: Illusions of Relativity: Space-Time vs Real-Time The Rebirth of Classical Physics: Time, Light & Gravity - Article Packed with Info & Links Thought Experiment for Light and Absolute Time. (This scenario got me banned from talking on a Podcast.) "Too off the rails."
22:27

Universities teach many erroneous models. One example of a misleading teaching is the Newtonian model of the prism. A man named Johann Goethe corrected and complimented Newton's model about 100 years after Newton. It is not the same light passing through the prism and distributing. It is a brand-new light with each beam of color. The primary light hitting the prism is extinguished by the electrons making up the glass of the prism itself. Those same electrons re-emit a brand new light from each angle. That process happens at the rate of c. Serving the illusion that the original white light came it... separated and exited to continue on. Most people rely on outdated text books or the Pink Floyd album cover "Dark Side of the Moon" to get their information about light and color and prisms. The depictions of light "splitting" and "bending" through a prism based on their color is false. (See first comments for attached images and substantiation) I filmed these videos playing around with prisms, lasers, magnifying glasses, mirrors, slits, and colored filters. I've gained my own perspectives on light and color over the years from real world, hands-on experimentation and observation. Most people have never held a real glass prism their own hands and done the tests to see for themselves. 2 prisms for $10 Harmonics of Light and Sound: This guy said his units were confiscated by the FBI and he was threatened not to pursue manufacturing them. The unit is simply a light with a magnifying glass and colored filters to isolate the light. Like burning an ant with a focal point... but with a specific color. The lens can spin and create a stroboscopic effect in an isolated band. The inventor claimed it healed stuff. Dinshah Spectro-Chrome Machine - Tour and Explanation Magenta monochromatic ray of shadow - Pehr Sahlstrom: Color and Physics, Newton versus Goethe - Pehr Sahlstrom: Thomas Joseph Brown Color Theory: Clay Taylor Color Theory: Testing the "Rightness" of relativity. The impossibility of proving something through experiments. Laser and Mirror observation: It's never the same light. Re-emission Example: I put this interactive page together going back and forth with ChatGPT to code using Javascript. Here is a video playing with the slide controls to show 3 different sinewaves (3 different lights/emissions). The packets are ALWAYS in phase from medium to medium. The frequency shifts BECAUSE the velocity of light shifts. NOT a Doppler shift of "the same light" distorting within the same frame of reference. It's a brand new light at each point. The incoming light is a different frame of reference. All the light you ever see is the re-emitted light from the electrons making up yourself. Propagation and Re-Emission of Light: Dr. Edward Dowdye Slides - LOTS of math and context. E.H. Dowdye, Can Stars BEND LIGHT? General Relativity and Gravity with Dr. Edward Dowdye Challenges to Gravitational Lensing and More: 71 Part Video Series (Each vid is 1 min - 1 and a hafl min) The Rebirth of Classical Physics - Time, Light & Gravity Classical Physics vs Relativity - History, Examples and Alternatives: Illusions of Relativity: Space-Time vs Real-Time The Rebirth of Classical Physics: Time, Light & Gravity - Article Packed with Info & Links Thought Experiment for Light and Absolute Time. (This scenario got me banned from talking on a Podcast.) "Too off the rails."

TheRealVerbz (Jason Verbelli)

44,361 views • 1 year ago

Plasma is better in colour! Watch one of our latest #plasma pulses in our ST40 tokamak, filmed using our new high-speed colour camera at an incredible 16,000 frames per second. Each pulse lasts around a fifth of a second. What you’re seeing is mostly visible light from the plasma’s edge, glowing pink. The core is simply too hot to emit visible light. In this footage, lithium is dropped into the plasma. As it interacts, it glows red when excited, then turns green as it becomes ionised, losing an electron. From there, it traces the magnetic field lines, revealing the plasma’s path around the tokamak. Lithium is the focus of our $52 million ST40 upgrade programme, in partnership with U.S. Department of Energy and Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. This builds on pioneering work at PPPL and others that has shown that lithium can significantly improve plasma performance. This video comes from ongoing research into X-point radiator (XPR) regimes, a promising operating mode for future #fusion power plants that aims to cool the plasma before it reaches plasma-facing components (PFCs), helping to reduce wear without compromising performance. Fusion research just got a lot more colourful! 👇 #Fusion #FusionEnergy #EnergyTransition #Innovation
0:33

Plasma is better in colour! Watch one of our latest #plasma pulses in our ST40 tokamak, filmed using our new high-speed colour camera at an incredible 16,000 frames per second. Each pulse lasts around a fifth of a second. What you’re seeing is mostly visible light from the plasma’s edge, glowing pink. The core is simply too hot to emit visible light. In this footage, lithium is dropped into the plasma. As it interacts, it glows red when excited, then turns green as it becomes ionised, losing an electron. From there, it traces the magnetic field lines, revealing the plasma’s path around the tokamak. Lithium is the focus of our $52 million ST40 upgrade programme, in partnership with U.S. Department of Energy and Department for Energy Security and Net Zero. This builds on pioneering work at PPPL and others that has shown that lithium can significantly improve plasma performance. This video comes from ongoing research into X-point radiator (XPR) regimes, a promising operating mode for future #fusion power plants that aims to cool the plasma before it reaches plasma-facing components (PFCs), helping to reduce wear without compromising performance. Fusion research just got a lot more colourful! 👇 #Fusion #FusionEnergy #EnergyTransition #Innovation

Tokamak Energy

2,085,458 views • 10 months ago

🚨 NEW SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COULD REVEAL PLASMATE INTELLIGENCE & COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE THROUGH LIGHT What if the luminescence we see in plasma orbs, or Plasmates, is not simply a glow, but information? And what if we could test whether they are communicating, responding to their environment, and even displaying inorganic (non-human) intelligence? A new scientific paper I found, put alongside the paper I looked at last week from Michael Levin on intelligence and consciousness, has given me an exciting new hypothesis, a testable one!? In 'Assouline & Capua, “Faraday effects emerging from the optical magnetic field,” they discovered that the magnetic component of light itself can directly influence matter. And that led me to an extraordinary possibility. Plasma is made from electrically charged particles. It naturally produces electric and magnetic fields, and their own visible light. Until now, we have generally treated that glow as a by-product — simply energy escaping from the plasma. But what if the light is actually part of the system, the network architecture of intelligence and possibly communication? Have a listen to my thoughts in more detail and you will also see images from the paper referred to as part of the video Now all I need to do is find a plasma physicist with some funding to go and test it out... 🤔 #plasma #electromagnetics Nathaniel Hanks J2 HōloÇyphâ ALIENPROTOCOLS
3:35

🚨 NEW SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH COULD REVEAL PLASMATE INTELLIGENCE & COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE THROUGH LIGHT What if the luminescence we see in plasma orbs, or Plasmates, is not simply a glow, but information? And what if we could test whether they are communicating, responding to their environment, and even displaying inorganic (non-human) intelligence? A new scientific paper I found, put alongside the paper I looked at last week from Michael Levin on intelligence and consciousness, has given me an exciting new hypothesis, a testable one!? In 'Assouline & Capua, “Faraday effects emerging from the optical magnetic field,” they discovered that the magnetic component of light itself can directly influence matter. And that led me to an extraordinary possibility. Plasma is made from electrically charged particles. It naturally produces electric and magnetic fields, and their own visible light. Until now, we have generally treated that glow as a by-product — simply energy escaping from the plasma. But what if the light is actually part of the system, the network architecture of intelligence and possibly communication? Have a listen to my thoughts in more detail and you will also see images from the paper referred to as part of the video Now all I need to do is find a plasma physicist with some funding to go and test it out... 🤔 #plasma #electromagnetics Nathaniel Hanks J2 HōloÇyphâ ALIENPROTOCOLS

Moneypenny

11,586 views • 1 month ago

ELON: TO SCALE CIVILIZATION, WE’LL HAVE TO MOVE AI TO DEEP SPACE “I see a path to Starship cost-per-ton-to-orbit being lower than air flight. That opens up a very wide range of possibilities. The most obvious one I think is actually solar-powered AI satellites. To move the AI to orbit and essentially deep space over time, because you can actually access over a billion times more energy from the sun in deep space than you can on Earth. To make any progress on a Kardashev 2 scale, which is using some non-trivial amount of energy from the sun, you kind of have to do space solar power. You could only beam a tiny amount of that back to Earth or you would melt Earth. Earth actually receives a very, very tiny amount of the sun's energy. Earth is a tiny dust mote. Tto scale with the sun, we look like a little crumb. So, to scale civilization, to be at all relevant on a Kardashev 2 scale, like to even use a millionth of a percent of the Sun's energy, you really have to have your solar power in deep space.” Source: Tesla Shareholder Meeting, November 6, 2025
1:27

ELON: TO SCALE CIVILIZATION, WE’LL HAVE TO MOVE AI TO DEEP SPACE “I see a path to Starship cost-per-ton-to-orbit being lower than air flight. That opens up a very wide range of possibilities. The most obvious one I think is actually solar-powered AI satellites. To move the AI to orbit and essentially deep space over time, because you can actually access over a billion times more energy from the sun in deep space than you can on Earth. To make any progress on a Kardashev 2 scale, which is using some non-trivial amount of energy from the sun, you kind of have to do space solar power. You could only beam a tiny amount of that back to Earth or you would melt Earth. Earth actually receives a very, very tiny amount of the sun's energy. Earth is a tiny dust mote. Tto scale with the sun, we look like a little crumb. So, to scale civilization, to be at all relevant on a Kardashev 2 scale, like to even use a millionth of a percent of the Sun's energy, you really have to have your solar power in deep space.” Source: Tesla Shareholder Meeting, November 6, 2025

Mario Nawfal

1,587,594 views • 9 months ago

Every year someone names a new bottleneck for AI compute scaling. Dylan Patel on why power isn't gonna be the big one over the next few years: fundamentally there's many different ways to generate power (rather than just one company that can produce the EUV tools needed for the chips themselves) and the supply chains are simpler and easier to ramp. You can do jet engines bolted to the ground. Ship engines. Diesel recips from auto manufacturers with declining volumes. Fuel cells. Each category alone delivers tens of gigawatts by end of decade. Combined, hundreds. Even if energy costs double, a GPU goes from $1.40/hr to $1.50/hr. Nobody notices a dime when the models are improving so fast the value dwarfs the cost. Even if you don't add more power, but simply add more batteries, you can unlock 20% more of the US's terawatt scale power grid. This is because grid utilities want to make sure they're sized for peak summer load that hits a few hours a year. With enough batteries, you can make this guarantee, even without turning on more power plants! Fundamentally, there's a lot of different ways to bring power online over the next few years. Building more logic and memory is far more difficult and centralized, so that's where Dylan thinks the bottleneck will be.
2:06

Every year someone names a new bottleneck for AI compute scaling. Dylan Patel on why power isn't gonna be the big one over the next few years: fundamentally there's many different ways to generate power (rather than just one company that can produce the EUV tools needed for the chips themselves) and the supply chains are simpler and easier to ramp. You can do jet engines bolted to the ground. Ship engines. Diesel recips from auto manufacturers with declining volumes. Fuel cells. Each category alone delivers tens of gigawatts by end of decade. Combined, hundreds. Even if energy costs double, a GPU goes from $1.40/hr to $1.50/hr. Nobody notices a dime when the models are improving so fast the value dwarfs the cost. Even if you don't add more power, but simply add more batteries, you can unlock 20% more of the US's terawatt scale power grid. This is because grid utilities want to make sure they're sized for peak summer load that hits a few hours a year. With enough batteries, you can make this guarantee, even without turning on more power plants! Fundamentally, there's a lot of different ways to bring power online over the next few years. Building more logic and memory is far more difficult and centralized, so that's where Dylan thinks the bottleneck will be.

Dwarkesh Patel

214,172 views • 4 months ago

Elon Musk just posted three numbers that should terrify every semiconductor company on Earth. A terawatt of chips. A terawatt of solar. Ten million tons to orbit per year. That is not a product roadmap. That is a species-level engineering ultimatum. Musk: “Build a terawatt of chips, a terawatt of solar, and 10 million tons to orbit per year.” A terawatt is roughly the entire power generation capacity of the United States. He is not asking for a bigger factory. He is asking for a second grid. The name alone tells you the scale. Terafab. Not gigafab. Tera. A thousand times the prefix. A thousand times the ambition. Every chip company on the planet currently begs TSMC for allocation. They wait in line. They negotiate quarters in advance for a fractional increase in supply. Musk looked at that line and started building the factory that makes it extinct. Vertical integration from lithography to packaging. Design to deployment. Under one roof in Texas. But the factory is not the point. The destination is. Most of this output is not staying on the ground. That is where SpaceX turns from a rocket company into the supply chain for orbital compute. You build the chips. You build the solar. You launch them into the vacuum where the Sun never sets and nothing on Earth can compete. The companies optimizing their server racks in Nevada are solving last decade’s problem with last decade’s ceiling. Musk is fusing Tesla, SpaceX, and xAI into a single organism. One builds the energy. One builds the delivery system. One builds the thing they are both feeding. Nobody has ever welded three companies together into a vertical stack like this. Because nobody has ever tried to do what he is actually attempting. Which is not building a chip factory. It is building the industrial base for a civilization that does not end at the atmosphere. And this is what separates Musk from every other CEO alive. He does not manage companies. He runs them like engineering floors where the only thing that matters is whether you can build. No committees. No twelve layers of approval. No political career tracks disguised as leadership. You either ship or you leave. That is why the most talented engineers on the planet keep walking through his doors. Not because the hours are easy. Because the mission is real and the bureaucracy is gone. Every other company on Earth makes you fight the org chart before you fight the problem. Musk deleted the org chart. Musk: “Join us on this journey.” That is the most understated recruiting pitch for the most ambitious project a human being has ever publicly committed to. And he said it the same way he says everything. Like it is already done.
0:27

Elon Musk just posted three numbers that should terrify every semiconductor company on Earth. A terawatt of chips. A terawatt of solar. Ten million tons to orbit per year. That is not a product roadmap. That is a species-level engineering ultimatum. Musk: “Build a terawatt of chips, a terawatt of solar, and 10 million tons to orbit per year.” A terawatt is roughly the entire power generation capacity of the United States. He is not asking for a bigger factory. He is asking for a second grid. The name alone tells you the scale. Terafab. Not gigafab. Tera. A thousand times the prefix. A thousand times the ambition. Every chip company on the planet currently begs TSMC for allocation. They wait in line. They negotiate quarters in advance for a fractional increase in supply. Musk looked at that line and started building the factory that makes it extinct. Vertical integration from lithography to packaging. Design to deployment. Under one roof in Texas. But the factory is not the point. The destination is. Most of this output is not staying on the ground. That is where SpaceX turns from a rocket company into the supply chain for orbital compute. You build the chips. You build the solar. You launch them into the vacuum where the Sun never sets and nothing on Earth can compete. The companies optimizing their server racks in Nevada are solving last decade’s problem with last decade’s ceiling. Musk is fusing Tesla, SpaceX, and xAI into a single organism. One builds the energy. One builds the delivery system. One builds the thing they are both feeding. Nobody has ever welded three companies together into a vertical stack like this. Because nobody has ever tried to do what he is actually attempting. Which is not building a chip factory. It is building the industrial base for a civilization that does not end at the atmosphere. And this is what separates Musk from every other CEO alive. He does not manage companies. He runs them like engineering floors where the only thing that matters is whether you can build. No committees. No twelve layers of approval. No political career tracks disguised as leadership. You either ship or you leave. That is why the most talented engineers on the planet keep walking through his doors. Not because the hours are easy. Because the mission is real and the bureaucracy is gone. Every other company on Earth makes you fight the org chart before you fight the problem. Musk deleted the org chart. Musk: “Join us on this journey.” That is the most understated recruiting pitch for the most ambitious project a human being has ever publicly committed to. And he said it the same way he says everything. Like it is already done.

Dustin

190,768 views • 5 months ago

In a newly released technical update, SpaceX's leadership team, which includes communications manager Dan Huot, Director of Satellite Engineering Ian Dahl, and CEO Elon Musk, detailed a highly ambitious infrastructure roadmap to design, manufacture, and operate specialized artificial intelligence computing satellites at scale. Positioned as a major strategic pillar to dramatically elevate civilizational energy and processing capacity on the Kardashev scale, this strategy moves past traditional communications architectures into massive orbital server arrays. Here is the complete breakdown of the core technologies and timelines driving this space-based intelligence revolution: 🛰️ AI1 satellite power and compute capacity Ian Dahl and Elon Musk introduced the baseline performance targets for the first-generation AI1 satellite, explaining how its custom hardware is engineered to operate like an orbital data center server rack. Ian Dahl noted that their direct operational experience with xAI guided them to target a 150-kilowatt peak power capacity. To manage active machine learning workloads continuously, Elon Musk explained that the satellite is optimized to maintain a sustained average compute power envelope of 120 kilowatts, which directly mirrors the real-world performance of a terrestrial NVIDIA server rack. The official presentation slides outline several key operational metrics for this payload configuration: ⚡ The custom architecture delivers a 150 kW peak compute payload. 🔋 The system maintains a 120 kW sustained average compute payload under active workloads. ⚖️ The hardware achieves a highly optimized power-to-weight density of 70 kW per ton. 🔄 The layout features a completely interchangeable compute provider design. "We thought that the right place to start is around the 150 kilowatt peak power level. But as we look at the workloads with our experience with xAI, we see that we can support about 120 kilowatts of average compute. The 150 kilowatt peak power level roughly matches what, say, an NVIDIA GV300 rack would do. A more reasonable operating envelope would be around 120 kilowatts average power, but it can peak up to 150. So it is basically thinking about it as a rack of compute in space." --- 📐 AI1 satellite dimensions and thermal efficiency specs Elon Musk detailed the physical layout of the AI1 satellite, highlighting the massive dimensions required to accommodate its immense power and cooling hardware. He shared specific design criteria, explaining that the engineering relies on a custom 150 kW solar array paired with a high-capacity deployable liquid radiator thermal management system. The technical specifications of this vehicle layout include: 📏 The structural frame features a massive 70-meter wingspan. ↕️ The vehicle spans a total deployed height of 20 meters. ☀️ The onboard solar array delivers an efficiency of 250 W/m² using technology manufactured in Bastrop, Texas. 🌡️ The thermal system utilizes a 110 m² deployable liquid radiator to cleanly dump waste heat. 🔄 The cooling architecture incorporates redundant pumping loops for mission safety. 🛡️ The exterior contains integrated micrometeoroid shielding to protect the fluid lines. 🧭 The double-sided radiators achieve a dissipation rate of 1400 watts per square meter while remaining oriented knife-edge to the sun. "The assumptions here are 250 watts per square meter for the solar array and about 1400 watts per square meter for the radiators. The radiators are double-sided, radiating on both sides, and they're oriented knife-edge to the sun. They have about a 70-meter wingspan, so these are fairly large." --- 🧩 Simplified design architecture built on Starlink V3 tech Elon Musk explained that despite the satellite's imposing size, its internal architecture is fundamentally much simpler than a standard Starlink satellite. Because it lacks heavy phased array and parabolic communications antennas, the entire vehicle layout is completely streamlined around a few essential structural modules: 🎛️ The hardware framework is arranged around a centralized compute module. ☀️ Large deployable solar arrays extend outward to capture orbital energy. 🌡️ A deployable liquid-radiator thermal management system controls active operational temperatures. 🔄 The engineering team heavily leverages the component evolution and manufacturing experience gained from developing the Starlink V3 vehicle platform. "The AI satellite is actually much simpler than a Starlink satellite. A Starlink satellite has gigantic phased array antennas, parabolic antennas, and a lot of laser links, making it much more complicated. An AI satellite is essentially a lot of solar cells, a radiator, and you still need some laser links, but you don't have all of the super complex antennas that you have on a Starlink satellite. A lot of this is technology we've already made for the Starlink V3 satellites." --- 🔌 Interchangeable compute reference designs and high connectivity Elon Musk outlined a modular hardware approach for the satellite's payload, allowing it to house a variety of industry-standard processing units depending on client requirements. This interchangeable compute rack is supported by a high-bandwidth connectivity loop that links separate orbital units together or transmits data directly back to Earth. The core network parameters include: 🧠 Reference designs are fully established to seamlessly accommodate NVIDIA Reuben chips. 💾 The system architecture is built to support alternative setups using NVIDIA GB300 chips. 💻 Custom hardware layouts are explicitly designed to integrate Google TPUs. 🌐 The onboard communications setup delivers roughly 1 terabit of laser link connectivity. ⏱️ The network closes the communication loop directly with the main Starlink constellation at an ultra-low latency of only 3 milliseconds. "Our current reference design is for NVIDIA Reuben chips, or it could be either GB300 or Reuben chips. We'll also have a reference design for TPUs. Essentially, you can put up any existing chips into orbit. There would also be probably something on the order of a terabit of laser link connectivity from the satellite. Then you can connect these racks of compute to each other by the laser links or directly to the Starlink constellations. Light travels 300 kilometers per millisecond, so that's about three milliseconds away." --- 🏭 The "gigasat" AI satellite and solar production hub in Bastrop, Texas Dan Huot highlighted that the primary production hub for this entire hardware ecosystem is anchored at their sprawling complex in Bastrop, Texas, officially designated as the Gigasat factory. Elon Musk verified that construction is already actively underway on the solar manufacturing facility to feed the project's supply line, with plans moving forward to construct the adjacent AI satellite assembly lines. The physical footprint and timeline of this manufacturing hub are defined by the following benchmarks: 🗺️ The company has over 1,000 acres of land currently owned or under contract for the site. 🏢 The manufacturing complex boasts a massive structural building potential exceeding 11 million square feet. ⚙️ The facility will vertically integrate production to manufacture solar ingots, wafers, solar cells, and completed AI satellites. 📅 Both the solar and AI satellite production lines are targeted to be operational at a viable volume by the end of next year. "We're going to be building a lot of satellites and we're going to be building them here in Bastrop. We already have the solar manufacturing facility under construction, and then we will be building out the AI sat production building soon. We expect to have the AI sat production, the solar production, and all of that operating at some reasonable volume by the end of next year." --- 🏢 The 100-million-square-foot "terafab" chip factory Elon Musk revealed a massive, long-term scaling strategy to build an immense chip manufacturing facility dubbed the "terafab" to completely bypass global semiconductor volume constraints. This manufacturing infrastructure is designed to transition the company into next-generation industrial scaling by producing highly specialized computing components at an unprecedented volume. The scale of this infrastructure project is defined by several extraordinary engineering and production benchmarks: 🏭 The colossal factory is projected to span approximately 100 million square feet, making it ten times larger than the current Tesla Gigafactory Texas. ⚡ The facility is structurally engineered to achieve a massive manufacturing output of 1 terawatt per year once fully operational. 📦 This unprecedented physical footprint provides the capacity required to manufacture 1 billion full-reticle equivalent chips annually. 🔌 Each individual chip manufactured by the facility is designed to run at a power capacity of 1 kilowatt. 🇺🇸 The total scaled output of the facility represents an energy footprint that is exactly double the current annual electricity consumption of the entire United States. "In order to get to the next order of magnitude, you need a gigantic chip factory. To give you a sense of scale here, we expect that the terafab is going to be around 100 million square feet, which is 10 times the size of the Tesla Gigafactory Texas. From a logic die standpoint, that's like having a billion chips per year with a kilowatt per reticle, scaling to a terawatt per year. That is twice the current electricity consumption of the United States." --- 📶 Next-generation high-volume Starlink terminals Dan Huot and Elon Musk introduced their next-generation Starlink user terminals, which have been redesigned specifically to achieve massive manufacturing throughput. Elon Musk pointed out that these newer models will be produced in vastly higher volumes than current hardware designs to fulfill their long-term global deployment targets: 📈 The upgraded user hardware is manufactured at a much higher volume capacity than existing units. 🌍 The company's ultimate target is to successfully deploy a few hundred million of these next-generation terminals worldwide. "In fact, these are the new Starlink terminals, which we made in much higher volume than the current terminals. Ultimately, we think there's probably going to be a few hundred million Starlink terminals out there." --- 📈 Aspirational timeline for orbital AI compute scaling Elon Musk laid out an ambitious, multi-year execution timeline detailing how the company plans to progressively scale space-based processing power. The roadmap targets an initial run-rate by the end of next year and sets an aggressive pace to increase total operational capacity sequentially through a structured, multi-phase timeline: 1️⃣ The initial target aims to hit an annualized run-rate of 1 gigawatt of space AI compute by the end of next year. 2️⃣ The capacity scales to an annualized rate of 10 gigawatts within the next two and a half years. 3️⃣ The operational envelope expands to reach 100 gigawatts in three and a half years. 4️⃣ The long-term deployment plan scales directly to a full terawatt capacity per year using the output of the terafab. "The goal is to get to roughly an annualized rate of a gigawatt per year by the end of next year in terms of space AI compute. Then aspirationally, we want to scale that by an order of magnitude per year. In two and a half years, hitting an annualized rate of 10 gigawatts a year in space, and in three and a half years, maybe a hundred gigawatts, going beyond that with the terafab to scale to a terawatt per year." --- 🌕 Ultimate scaling via lunar production and mass drivers Elon Musk explained that scaling three orders of magnitude past a single terawatt forces a transition completely off-planet to avoid the logistical penalty of Earth's deep gravity well. The vision relies on establishing manufacturing infrastructure directly on the moon to leverage localized resource loops and zero-atmosphere physics: 🌙 The company plans to establish localized raw production lines on the moon to fabricate solar panels, photovoltaics, and radiators from lunar materials. ⚡ Manufacturing components locally avoids the massive fuel and mass penalties of transporting heavy structural materials from Earth. 🧲 Because the moon has no atmosphere and only one-sixth of Earth's gravity, the facility will utilize an electromagnetic mass driver to launch completed satellites. 🚀 Operating essentially as a linear electric motor rail gun, this mechanism will shoot fully assembled AI satellites straight into deep space without relying on chemical rockets. "The only way that we can really see that you can achieve that is on the moon with a mass driver, essentially where you do local production of photovoltaics, solar panels, and radiators on the moon. Because the moon has no atmosphere and only one-sixth Earth's gravity, you can accelerate the AI satellites into deep space without a rocket. You can basically shoot them into space using an electromagnetic gun, like a rail gun type—it's basically a linear electric motor."
31:16

In a newly released technical update, SpaceX's leadership team, which includes communications manager Dan Huot, Director of Satellite Engineering Ian Dahl, and CEO Elon Musk, detailed a highly ambitious infrastructure roadmap to design, manufacture, and operate specialized artificial intelligence computing satellites at scale. Positioned as a major strategic pillar to dramatically elevate civilizational energy and processing capacity on the Kardashev scale, this strategy moves past traditional communications architectures into massive orbital server arrays. Here is the complete breakdown of the core technologies and timelines driving this space-based intelligence revolution: 🛰️ AI1 satellite power and compute capacity Ian Dahl and Elon Musk introduced the baseline performance targets for the first-generation AI1 satellite, explaining how its custom hardware is engineered to operate like an orbital data center server rack. Ian Dahl noted that their direct operational experience with xAI guided them to target a 150-kilowatt peak power capacity. To manage active machine learning workloads continuously, Elon Musk explained that the satellite is optimized to maintain a sustained average compute power envelope of 120 kilowatts, which directly mirrors the real-world performance of a terrestrial NVIDIA server rack. The official presentation slides outline several key operational metrics for this payload configuration: ⚡ The custom architecture delivers a 150 kW peak compute payload. 🔋 The system maintains a 120 kW sustained average compute payload under active workloads. ⚖️ The hardware achieves a highly optimized power-to-weight density of 70 kW per ton. 🔄 The layout features a completely interchangeable compute provider design. "We thought that the right place to start is around the 150 kilowatt peak power level. But as we look at the workloads with our experience with xAI, we see that we can support about 120 kilowatts of average compute. The 150 kilowatt peak power level roughly matches what, say, an NVIDIA GV300 rack would do. A more reasonable operating envelope would be around 120 kilowatts average power, but it can peak up to 150. So it is basically thinking about it as a rack of compute in space." --- 📐 AI1 satellite dimensions and thermal efficiency specs Elon Musk detailed the physical layout of the AI1 satellite, highlighting the massive dimensions required to accommodate its immense power and cooling hardware. He shared specific design criteria, explaining that the engineering relies on a custom 150 kW solar array paired with a high-capacity deployable liquid radiator thermal management system. The technical specifications of this vehicle layout include: 📏 The structural frame features a massive 70-meter wingspan. ↕️ The vehicle spans a total deployed height of 20 meters. ☀️ The onboard solar array delivers an efficiency of 250 W/m² using technology manufactured in Bastrop, Texas. 🌡️ The thermal system utilizes a 110 m² deployable liquid radiator to cleanly dump waste heat. 🔄 The cooling architecture incorporates redundant pumping loops for mission safety. 🛡️ The exterior contains integrated micrometeoroid shielding to protect the fluid lines. 🧭 The double-sided radiators achieve a dissipation rate of 1400 watts per square meter while remaining oriented knife-edge to the sun. "The assumptions here are 250 watts per square meter for the solar array and about 1400 watts per square meter for the radiators. The radiators are double-sided, radiating on both sides, and they're oriented knife-edge to the sun. They have about a 70-meter wingspan, so these are fairly large." --- 🧩 Simplified design architecture built on Starlink V3 tech Elon Musk explained that despite the satellite's imposing size, its internal architecture is fundamentally much simpler than a standard Starlink satellite. Because it lacks heavy phased array and parabolic communications antennas, the entire vehicle layout is completely streamlined around a few essential structural modules: 🎛️ The hardware framework is arranged around a centralized compute module. ☀️ Large deployable solar arrays extend outward to capture orbital energy. 🌡️ A deployable liquid-radiator thermal management system controls active operational temperatures. 🔄 The engineering team heavily leverages the component evolution and manufacturing experience gained from developing the Starlink V3 vehicle platform. "The AI satellite is actually much simpler than a Starlink satellite. A Starlink satellite has gigantic phased array antennas, parabolic antennas, and a lot of laser links, making it much more complicated. An AI satellite is essentially a lot of solar cells, a radiator, and you still need some laser links, but you don't have all of the super complex antennas that you have on a Starlink satellite. A lot of this is technology we've already made for the Starlink V3 satellites." --- 🔌 Interchangeable compute reference designs and high connectivity Elon Musk outlined a modular hardware approach for the satellite's payload, allowing it to house a variety of industry-standard processing units depending on client requirements. This interchangeable compute rack is supported by a high-bandwidth connectivity loop that links separate orbital units together or transmits data directly back to Earth. The core network parameters include: 🧠 Reference designs are fully established to seamlessly accommodate NVIDIA Reuben chips. 💾 The system architecture is built to support alternative setups using NVIDIA GB300 chips. 💻 Custom hardware layouts are explicitly designed to integrate Google TPUs. 🌐 The onboard communications setup delivers roughly 1 terabit of laser link connectivity. ⏱️ The network closes the communication loop directly with the main Starlink constellation at an ultra-low latency of only 3 milliseconds. "Our current reference design is for NVIDIA Reuben chips, or it could be either GB300 or Reuben chips. We'll also have a reference design for TPUs. Essentially, you can put up any existing chips into orbit. There would also be probably something on the order of a terabit of laser link connectivity from the satellite. Then you can connect these racks of compute to each other by the laser links or directly to the Starlink constellations. Light travels 300 kilometers per millisecond, so that's about three milliseconds away." --- 🏭 The "gigasat" AI satellite and solar production hub in Bastrop, Texas Dan Huot highlighted that the primary production hub for this entire hardware ecosystem is anchored at their sprawling complex in Bastrop, Texas, officially designated as the Gigasat factory. Elon Musk verified that construction is already actively underway on the solar manufacturing facility to feed the project's supply line, with plans moving forward to construct the adjacent AI satellite assembly lines. The physical footprint and timeline of this manufacturing hub are defined by the following benchmarks: 🗺️ The company has over 1,000 acres of land currently owned or under contract for the site. 🏢 The manufacturing complex boasts a massive structural building potential exceeding 11 million square feet. ⚙️ The facility will vertically integrate production to manufacture solar ingots, wafers, solar cells, and completed AI satellites. 📅 Both the solar and AI satellite production lines are targeted to be operational at a viable volume by the end of next year. "We're going to be building a lot of satellites and we're going to be building them here in Bastrop. We already have the solar manufacturing facility under construction, and then we will be building out the AI sat production building soon. We expect to have the AI sat production, the solar production, and all of that operating at some reasonable volume by the end of next year." --- 🏢 The 100-million-square-foot "terafab" chip factory Elon Musk revealed a massive, long-term scaling strategy to build an immense chip manufacturing facility dubbed the "terafab" to completely bypass global semiconductor volume constraints. This manufacturing infrastructure is designed to transition the company into next-generation industrial scaling by producing highly specialized computing components at an unprecedented volume. The scale of this infrastructure project is defined by several extraordinary engineering and production benchmarks: 🏭 The colossal factory is projected to span approximately 100 million square feet, making it ten times larger than the current Tesla Gigafactory Texas. ⚡ The facility is structurally engineered to achieve a massive manufacturing output of 1 terawatt per year once fully operational. 📦 This unprecedented physical footprint provides the capacity required to manufacture 1 billion full-reticle equivalent chips annually. 🔌 Each individual chip manufactured by the facility is designed to run at a power capacity of 1 kilowatt. 🇺🇸 The total scaled output of the facility represents an energy footprint that is exactly double the current annual electricity consumption of the entire United States. "In order to get to the next order of magnitude, you need a gigantic chip factory. To give you a sense of scale here, we expect that the terafab is going to be around 100 million square feet, which is 10 times the size of the Tesla Gigafactory Texas. From a logic die standpoint, that's like having a billion chips per year with a kilowatt per reticle, scaling to a terawatt per year. That is twice the current electricity consumption of the United States." --- 📶 Next-generation high-volume Starlink terminals Dan Huot and Elon Musk introduced their next-generation Starlink user terminals, which have been redesigned specifically to achieve massive manufacturing throughput. Elon Musk pointed out that these newer models will be produced in vastly higher volumes than current hardware designs to fulfill their long-term global deployment targets: 📈 The upgraded user hardware is manufactured at a much higher volume capacity than existing units. 🌍 The company's ultimate target is to successfully deploy a few hundred million of these next-generation terminals worldwide. "In fact, these are the new Starlink terminals, which we made in much higher volume than the current terminals. Ultimately, we think there's probably going to be a few hundred million Starlink terminals out there." --- 📈 Aspirational timeline for orbital AI compute scaling Elon Musk laid out an ambitious, multi-year execution timeline detailing how the company plans to progressively scale space-based processing power. The roadmap targets an initial run-rate by the end of next year and sets an aggressive pace to increase total operational capacity sequentially through a structured, multi-phase timeline: 1️⃣ The initial target aims to hit an annualized run-rate of 1 gigawatt of space AI compute by the end of next year. 2️⃣ The capacity scales to an annualized rate of 10 gigawatts within the next two and a half years. 3️⃣ The operational envelope expands to reach 100 gigawatts in three and a half years. 4️⃣ The long-term deployment plan scales directly to a full terawatt capacity per year using the output of the terafab. "The goal is to get to roughly an annualized rate of a gigawatt per year by the end of next year in terms of space AI compute. Then aspirationally, we want to scale that by an order of magnitude per year. In two and a half years, hitting an annualized rate of 10 gigawatts a year in space, and in three and a half years, maybe a hundred gigawatts, going beyond that with the terafab to scale to a terawatt per year." --- 🌕 Ultimate scaling via lunar production and mass drivers Elon Musk explained that scaling three orders of magnitude past a single terawatt forces a transition completely off-planet to avoid the logistical penalty of Earth's deep gravity well. The vision relies on establishing manufacturing infrastructure directly on the moon to leverage localized resource loops and zero-atmosphere physics: 🌙 The company plans to establish localized raw production lines on the moon to fabricate solar panels, photovoltaics, and radiators from lunar materials. ⚡ Manufacturing components locally avoids the massive fuel and mass penalties of transporting heavy structural materials from Earth. 🧲 Because the moon has no atmosphere and only one-sixth of Earth's gravity, the facility will utilize an electromagnetic mass driver to launch completed satellites. 🚀 Operating essentially as a linear electric motor rail gun, this mechanism will shoot fully assembled AI satellites straight into deep space without relying on chemical rockets. "The only way that we can really see that you can achieve that is on the moon with a mass driver, essentially where you do local production of photovoltaics, solar panels, and radiators on the moon. Because the moon has no atmosphere and only one-sixth Earth's gravity, you can accelerate the AI satellites into deep space without a rocket. You can basically shoot them into space using an electromagnetic gun, like a rail gun type—it's basically a linear electric motor."

Ming

22,203 views • 2 months ago

Printing metal made easy! 🖊️ Most metal 3D printing today relies on heat. Lasers or electron beams melt metal powder or wire, fuse it, and let it solidify again. That works, but it’s inefficient: a lot of energy is lost before it ever reaches the material, and even more is wasted as heat dissipates into the surroundings. This work explores a very different idea. Instead of melting metal, it uses high-frequency, low-amplitude mechanical vibrations to temporarily lower a metal’s yield stress and enhance atomic diffusion. Under these conditions, metal can be shaped and joined without full melting. By combining shaping and joining at the same time, the researchers introduce a new additive manufacturing process called Resonance-Assisted Deposition (RAD). Because it avoids melt–solidification, RAD is far more energy-efficient and enables things that are difficult or impossible with conventional methods. Pretty cool method! More info here: ~~ ♻️ Join the weekly robotics newsletter, and never miss any news →
0:36

Printing metal made easy! 🖊️ Most metal 3D printing today relies on heat. Lasers or electron beams melt metal powder or wire, fuse it, and let it solidify again. That works, but it’s inefficient: a lot of energy is lost before it ever reaches the material, and even more is wasted as heat dissipates into the surroundings. This work explores a very different idea. Instead of melting metal, it uses high-frequency, low-amplitude mechanical vibrations to temporarily lower a metal’s yield stress and enhance atomic diffusion. Under these conditions, metal can be shaped and joined without full melting. By combining shaping and joining at the same time, the researchers introduce a new additive manufacturing process called Resonance-Assisted Deposition (RAD). Because it avoids melt–solidification, RAD is far more energy-efficient and enables things that are difficult or impossible with conventional methods. Pretty cool method! More info here: ~~ ♻️ Join the weekly robotics newsletter, and never miss any news →

Lukas Ziegler

125,006 views • 7 months ago

Thought experiment for people regarding the concept of Absolute Time. Absolute means NO EXCEPTIONS. We are NOT looking back in time when we see galaxies and stars. We are NOT looking back in time 1.25 seconds when we see the moon. We're Not looking back in time 3 minutes when we see Mars. We're Not looking back in time 8.33 minutes when we see the Sun. If an astronaut lit a matchstick on Mars, the distant observer would see predator heat waves at the top of the matchstick in real-time while the matchstick started to blacken towards the astronaut's fingers. But there would be no orange light from that chemical reaction or flame seen. If the matchstick burnt out before the packet of orange light from that particular chemical reaction made it to Earth… then the distant observer would just see a disembodied orange flash of light with a lag. But the Earth-bound observer would never actually see the flame associated with the orange wavelength it put out. The wavelength of color emitted by the flame is not a recording of reality. If the orange light is 650 Thz, that means there are 650 trillion individual and separate bursts of orange light pulsating in 1 second. NOT that "the same light" is "waving" 650 trillion times a second and that light is a recording of reality. There are 650 trillion brand-new lights flashing in 1 second. Each Hertz is a brand-new emission and packet unto itself. Time does not re-emit 650 trillion times a second, nor is a photon a particle or a packet of reality acting like the frame of a reel of footage. The orange light that already left the flame will continue to propagate out until it meets the electrons making up the distant observer. But remember, it is never the same light within that packet. And the electrons making up the observer will absorb all of those different lights within that packet and re-emit brand-new lights that produce the product of illumination. A photon is a massless packet of energy, spherically expanding at the rate of c from the source it comes from. Illumination is the result of that energy being absorbed and RE-emitted by any other electrons that did not output that primary packet. But time is not associated with the same light. It's never the same light and time does not re-emit between packets. Time is not relative. Do NOT allow your mind Carte Blanche to think along the lines of relative time. DROP IT for this thought experiment. We are thinking along the lines of ABSOLUTE TIME/ Galilean VARIANCE. What does absolute time mean? It means time is constant in ALL frames of reference. Any frequency shifts between atomic clocks IS a literal change in the speed of light. But relativity forbids the speed of light from Ever changing, so relativity (Lorentz INVARIANCE) invented the concept of the 4th dimension and space-time. Because Relativity doesn't allow light speed to shift.. they interpret the same frequency shift between atomic clocks as being conclusive, irrefutable evidence that time and reality itself shifts. Rather than say it's just that ONE clock being affected by Earth's gravity and the oscillation of that ONE cesium clock is being altered compared to other clocks. People don't realize that in relativity... time dilation is SYMMETRICAL! Not even most relativists know their own theory. If Clock A and Clock B are synchronized and together... and then they accelerate apart... Einstein said Clock A would see Clock B as being slower itself. And Clock B would view Clock A as slower than ITself. NOT that only one observer would see back in time and the other would see forward or not at all. No... BOTH observers are supposed to see each other BACK in time relative to each other according to Einstein and the consequence of the math. It doesn't make ANY sense!! But relativists toss that part of time dilation under their 4th dimensional rug. The rug is woven from threads of gold that only the smart people can see apparently. So... here's a thought experiment/ Gedankenexperiment for absolute time. NO paradoxes... no nonsense or confusion. What do you see in a club? You see disco lights changing and a color wheel effect. You see everyone in REAL-TIME. Not just because they are so close to the lights. Light is not a recording of reality. Light is simply color. Illuminating reality in a certain color. Just because you can't see something yet or the color hasn't reached you doesn't mean it isn't happening in real-time. Zoom out and look at the people in the club through binoculars a mile away. You are still looking at them in real-time. The colors are shifting with a delay in the club. Now look at the club through a telescope from the surface of the moon. You're still looking at the people in real-time. But now there is a lag of the colors shifting by 1.25 seconds because it takes light 1.25 seconds to travel from the Earth to the moon. Now look at the club through an even bigger telescope from the surface of Mars. You're still looking at the people in real-time, but now there is a lag of the colors shifting by 3 minutes because it takes light 3 minutes to travel from Earth to Mars. fr you are a third hypothetical observer zoomed out and watching the person from Mars AND seeing the club on Earth... you're still seeing everything happening in real-time as well. But you see the colored wavepackets traveling with a delay to the observer on Mars. And the disco color wheel effect is just lagging before it affects the observer from Mars and the observer on the Moon. It doesn't matter how far you zoom out! There is only now to observe. But there WILL be a lag and delay for a given color/wavepacket to reach distant observers. But all points in space are already illuminated by other starlight. So if you're too far away... you'll just see the club in real-time but without any disco lights. Just see them in white light because that's the source already illuminating the scene. This is where it gets the most difficult because people think light itself is a recording of reality that replays a scene from where it came from. But another punch in the gut of relativity is that in order to see REFLECTED light... that would require a TWO-WAY transit. Which means the light would have to be sent out... record the scene of a distant event and then RETURN in order to REplay the event. Which means it would take 6 minutes to see the club from Mars by that logic and 2.5 seconds to see the club from the moon by that logic. The difference in tick rates between clocks has NOTHING to do with time dilation. Wait.. what?! How can that be? Because a clock itself doesn't represent all of time and reality. The difference between clocks is a "Transverse relative time shift." If the only light in the universe was from the lighter… the only way a distant observer would be able to see the astronaut on Mars is if the astronaut held down the button of the lighter for longer than 3 minutes. It takes 3 minutes for the packet of light to travel from Mars to Earth. The distant observer would never be able to see Mars, unless the light stretched from Mars all the way to Earth, and illuminated the path between Mars and Earth. And that would take 3 minutes for the boundary and first part of that wave packet to reach Earth. But if the distant observer wanted to observe Mars in real-time… then that packet of light would have to be on for longer than 3 minutes. So if the astronaut on Mars flicked the lighter at 12:00, the distant observer on Earth wouldn't see anything until 12:03. If the light was on for 3 minutes and 10 seconds, and the distant observer is 3 light minutes away... the distant observer would be able to see Mars in real-time for 10 seconds starting at 12:03. In the 20 second video clip of the rotating planet with shifting colors... just imagine you're a couple light minutes or light seconds away. You're still seeing the planet spin in real-time. But there is simply a delay of switching colors. You are Not looking back in time. It's just a color wheel effect from a great distance away. That's it!! There are many major flaws which tarnish people's critical thinking on this thought experiment. 1. Light does NOT ricochet or bounce. Electrons absorb, emit and re-emit ALL electromagnetic radiation. The electrons, making up the glass of a mirror will absorb the incoming light and re-emit a brand-new light as an equal and opposite reaction. NOT that "the same light" bounced off the mirror and continued on within the same frame of reference.  2. Light is NOT a recording of reality. 3. It is NOT the same light being observed from a source. It's never the same light. Each Hertz is a new light. Think of half of a sine wave as being its own emission. On an oscilloscope, a stimulus generates a peak which initiates an equal and opposite trough. Or vice versa. That repeating process is not "the same light." If you cut and paste that sine wave to another sine wave, the boundary between the waves will always be in phase. (thus refraction) 4. The speed of light is NOT the same in ALL frames of reference, no matter what. 5. Light is NOT made of particles and waves that flip back-and-forth. 6. Time is NOT connected to the speed of light. Time remains constant regardless if you accelerate towards or away from a clock. The clocks themselves will indeed be off! But that's an affect on the electrons making up the atomic clock affecting the oscillation of the isotope which is ASSUMED to ALWAYS be the same. So ANY difference in oscillation is treated as a literal distortion in space-time. 7. Space and time are not linked at all. That is a mathematical artifice under Lorentz invariance. Time is relative under Lorentz invariance. But time is absolute under Galilean VARIANCE. When people hear or see the word GALILEAN... their brains switch to auto pilot to "aether theory" and "classical physics." What people don't realize is that aether theory used Galilean INVARIANCE. Rather than space-time being used as an excuse to explain the difference in frequencies between atomic clocks... it was originally aether being used as an excuse to keep the speed of light the same. But None of those things are valid! We are thinking under the framework of Galilean VARIANCE! Completely new revolutionary model returning to Isaac Newton and Classical physics but without the corpuscular theory (particle) theory for light... without a particle-wave duality... without an aether... without a 4th dimension. Just good ol elementary math within 3D Euclidean space. Everything happening in real-time, right now. This reformulation of Galilean transformations was offered by Dr. Edward Dowdye in 1991 called The Extinction Shift Principle. Effectivity as opposed to Relativity. If light required a two-way transit, in order to travel out… Record an event, and travel back to replay the recording…  then it would take 6 minutes to see the astronaut on Mars instead of 3.  Remember… They say the SAME light is a recording, and must travel there and travel back in order to REplay. Relativity says time is relative: t' ≠ t time is NOT the same from all frames of reference) and t = tₒ / √1 - v²/c² but Galilean Variance says time is not relative: t' = t (Time IS the same from all frames of reference) and τ_tr = τₒ / √1 - v²/c² Relativity says c' = c (The velocity of light is the same from all frames of reference) but Galilean variance says c' ≠ c (The velocity of light is NOT the same from all frames of reference) and that c' = c ± v (The velocity of light in one frame of reference is dependent upon the velocity of the light source relative to an observer in another frame of reference. Whether that light source is approaching or receding away from that observer) Relativity says E = mc² (Energy and mass are universally equivalent and literally interchangeable under All conditions.) but Galilean variance says E = Δmc² = mₒc² (Energy changes in a system are the result from changes in mass. mₒ represents the original mass. Mass and energy do not literally interchange. There is an equivalence, not an interchange.) The Rebirth of Classical Physics: Time, Light & Gravity Star light and illumination: Flicking a Lighter on Mars visual example:
0:21

Thought experiment for people regarding the concept of Absolute Time. Absolute means NO EXCEPTIONS. We are NOT looking back in time when we see galaxies and stars. We are NOT looking back in time 1.25 seconds when we see the moon. We're Not looking back in time 3 minutes when we see Mars. We're Not looking back in time 8.33 minutes when we see the Sun. If an astronaut lit a matchstick on Mars, the distant observer would see predator heat waves at the top of the matchstick in real-time while the matchstick started to blacken towards the astronaut's fingers. But there would be no orange light from that chemical reaction or flame seen. If the matchstick burnt out before the packet of orange light from that particular chemical reaction made it to Earth… then the distant observer would just see a disembodied orange flash of light with a lag. But the Earth-bound observer would never actually see the flame associated with the orange wavelength it put out. The wavelength of color emitted by the flame is not a recording of reality. If the orange light is 650 Thz, that means there are 650 trillion individual and separate bursts of orange light pulsating in 1 second. NOT that "the same light" is "waving" 650 trillion times a second and that light is a recording of reality. There are 650 trillion brand-new lights flashing in 1 second. Each Hertz is a brand-new emission and packet unto itself. Time does not re-emit 650 trillion times a second, nor is a photon a particle or a packet of reality acting like the frame of a reel of footage. The orange light that already left the flame will continue to propagate out until it meets the electrons making up the distant observer. But remember, it is never the same light within that packet. And the electrons making up the observer will absorb all of those different lights within that packet and re-emit brand-new lights that produce the product of illumination. A photon is a massless packet of energy, spherically expanding at the rate of c from the source it comes from. Illumination is the result of that energy being absorbed and RE-emitted by any other electrons that did not output that primary packet. But time is not associated with the same light. It's never the same light and time does not re-emit between packets. Time is not relative. Do NOT allow your mind Carte Blanche to think along the lines of relative time. DROP IT for this thought experiment. We are thinking along the lines of ABSOLUTE TIME/ Galilean VARIANCE. What does absolute time mean? It means time is constant in ALL frames of reference. Any frequency shifts between atomic clocks IS a literal change in the speed of light. But relativity forbids the speed of light from Ever changing, so relativity (Lorentz INVARIANCE) invented the concept of the 4th dimension and space-time. Because Relativity doesn't allow light speed to shift.. they interpret the same frequency shift between atomic clocks as being conclusive, irrefutable evidence that time and reality itself shifts. Rather than say it's just that ONE clock being affected by Earth's gravity and the oscillation of that ONE cesium clock is being altered compared to other clocks. People don't realize that in relativity... time dilation is SYMMETRICAL! Not even most relativists know their own theory. If Clock A and Clock B are synchronized and together... and then they accelerate apart... Einstein said Clock A would see Clock B as being slower itself. And Clock B would view Clock A as slower than ITself. NOT that only one observer would see back in time and the other would see forward or not at all. No... BOTH observers are supposed to see each other BACK in time relative to each other according to Einstein and the consequence of the math. It doesn't make ANY sense!! But relativists toss that part of time dilation under their 4th dimensional rug. The rug is woven from threads of gold that only the smart people can see apparently. So... here's a thought experiment/ Gedankenexperiment for absolute time. NO paradoxes... no nonsense or confusion. What do you see in a club? You see disco lights changing and a color wheel effect. You see everyone in REAL-TIME. Not just because they are so close to the lights. Light is not a recording of reality. Light is simply color. Illuminating reality in a certain color. Just because you can't see something yet or the color hasn't reached you doesn't mean it isn't happening in real-time. Zoom out and look at the people in the club through binoculars a mile away. You are still looking at them in real-time. The colors are shifting with a delay in the club. Now look at the club through a telescope from the surface of the moon. You're still looking at the people in real-time. But now there is a lag of the colors shifting by 1.25 seconds because it takes light 1.25 seconds to travel from the Earth to the moon. Now look at the club through an even bigger telescope from the surface of Mars. You're still looking at the people in real-time, but now there is a lag of the colors shifting by 3 minutes because it takes light 3 minutes to travel from Earth to Mars. fr you are a third hypothetical observer zoomed out and watching the person from Mars AND seeing the club on Earth... you're still seeing everything happening in real-time as well. But you see the colored wavepackets traveling with a delay to the observer on Mars. And the disco color wheel effect is just lagging before it affects the observer from Mars and the observer on the Moon. It doesn't matter how far you zoom out! There is only now to observe. But there WILL be a lag and delay for a given color/wavepacket to reach distant observers. But all points in space are already illuminated by other starlight. So if you're too far away... you'll just see the club in real-time but without any disco lights. Just see them in white light because that's the source already illuminating the scene. This is where it gets the most difficult because people think light itself is a recording of reality that replays a scene from where it came from. But another punch in the gut of relativity is that in order to see REFLECTED light... that would require a TWO-WAY transit. Which means the light would have to be sent out... record the scene of a distant event and then RETURN in order to REplay the event. Which means it would take 6 minutes to see the club from Mars by that logic and 2.5 seconds to see the club from the moon by that logic. The difference in tick rates between clocks has NOTHING to do with time dilation. Wait.. what?! How can that be? Because a clock itself doesn't represent all of time and reality. The difference between clocks is a "Transverse relative time shift." If the only light in the universe was from the lighter… the only way a distant observer would be able to see the astronaut on Mars is if the astronaut held down the button of the lighter for longer than 3 minutes. It takes 3 minutes for the packet of light to travel from Mars to Earth. The distant observer would never be able to see Mars, unless the light stretched from Mars all the way to Earth, and illuminated the path between Mars and Earth. And that would take 3 minutes for the boundary and first part of that wave packet to reach Earth. But if the distant observer wanted to observe Mars in real-time… then that packet of light would have to be on for longer than 3 minutes. So if the astronaut on Mars flicked the lighter at 12:00, the distant observer on Earth wouldn't see anything until 12:03. If the light was on for 3 minutes and 10 seconds, and the distant observer is 3 light minutes away... the distant observer would be able to see Mars in real-time for 10 seconds starting at 12:03. In the 20 second video clip of the rotating planet with shifting colors... just imagine you're a couple light minutes or light seconds away. You're still seeing the planet spin in real-time. But there is simply a delay of switching colors. You are Not looking back in time. It's just a color wheel effect from a great distance away. That's it!! There are many major flaws which tarnish people's critical thinking on this thought experiment. 1. Light does NOT ricochet or bounce. Electrons absorb, emit and re-emit ALL electromagnetic radiation. The electrons, making up the glass of a mirror will absorb the incoming light and re-emit a brand-new light as an equal and opposite reaction. NOT that "the same light" bounced off the mirror and continued on within the same frame of reference.  2. Light is NOT a recording of reality. 3. It is NOT the same light being observed from a source. It's never the same light. Each Hertz is a new light. Think of half of a sine wave as being its own emission. On an oscilloscope, a stimulus generates a peak which initiates an equal and opposite trough. Or vice versa. That repeating process is not "the same light." If you cut and paste that sine wave to another sine wave, the boundary between the waves will always be in phase. (thus refraction) 4. The speed of light is NOT the same in ALL frames of reference, no matter what. 5. Light is NOT made of particles and waves that flip back-and-forth. 6. Time is NOT connected to the speed of light. Time remains constant regardless if you accelerate towards or away from a clock. The clocks themselves will indeed be off! But that's an affect on the electrons making up the atomic clock affecting the oscillation of the isotope which is ASSUMED to ALWAYS be the same. So ANY difference in oscillation is treated as a literal distortion in space-time. 7. Space and time are not linked at all. That is a mathematical artifice under Lorentz invariance. Time is relative under Lorentz invariance. But time is absolute under Galilean VARIANCE. When people hear or see the word GALILEAN... their brains switch to auto pilot to "aether theory" and "classical physics." What people don't realize is that aether theory used Galilean INVARIANCE. Rather than space-time being used as an excuse to explain the difference in frequencies between atomic clocks... it was originally aether being used as an excuse to keep the speed of light the same. But None of those things are valid! We are thinking under the framework of Galilean VARIANCE! Completely new revolutionary model returning to Isaac Newton and Classical physics but without the corpuscular theory (particle) theory for light... without a particle-wave duality... without an aether... without a 4th dimension. Just good ol elementary math within 3D Euclidean space. Everything happening in real-time, right now. This reformulation of Galilean transformations was offered by Dr. Edward Dowdye in 1991 called The Extinction Shift Principle. Effectivity as opposed to Relativity. If light required a two-way transit, in order to travel out… Record an event, and travel back to replay the recording…  then it would take 6 minutes to see the astronaut on Mars instead of 3.  Remember… They say the SAME light is a recording, and must travel there and travel back in order to REplay. Relativity says time is relative: t' ≠ t time is NOT the same from all frames of reference) and t = tₒ / √1 - v²/c² but Galilean Variance says time is not relative: t' = t (Time IS the same from all frames of reference) and τ_tr = τₒ / √1 - v²/c² Relativity says c' = c (The velocity of light is the same from all frames of reference) but Galilean variance says c' ≠ c (The velocity of light is NOT the same from all frames of reference) and that c' = c ± v (The velocity of light in one frame of reference is dependent upon the velocity of the light source relative to an observer in another frame of reference. Whether that light source is approaching or receding away from that observer) Relativity says E = mc² (Energy and mass are universally equivalent and literally interchangeable under All conditions.) but Galilean variance says E = Δmc² = mₒc² (Energy changes in a system are the result from changes in mass. mₒ represents the original mass. Mass and energy do not literally interchange. There is an equivalence, not an interchange.) The Rebirth of Classical Physics: Time, Light & Gravity Star light and illumination: Flicking a Lighter on Mars visual example:

TheRealVerbz (Jason Verbelli)

16,608 views • 1 year ago

The first question I asked Elon Musk: What’s the point of sending GPUs into space? The whole idea behind orbital data centers is that if the launch costs continue to drop, it will become cheaper to put GPUs in orbit than to build power plants on Earth. The problem with this argument is that energy is only about 15% of a datacenter’s lifetime cost. The chips themselves are around 70%. And you still have to launch those to space! Elon kept returning to one point over and over again: It will simply not be physically possible to scale power production to the scale needed for AI on Earth. He kept pointing out the bottlenecks we’ve already run into on Earth: You can’t plug into the utilities - the interconnect queues are too long. You can’t do behind-the-meter natural gas and generate power yourself - lead times for turbines stretch past 2030. You can’t do solar on Earth, because of permits, and because of the tariffs. For it to make economical sense to shift compute to space, all of the following things would need to be true: - Power generation on Earth hits a ceiling, or AI demand outstrips every terrestrial option (for context, 1 TW of solar power is only 1% of the land area of the US, and AI currently only uses about 20 GW globally). - Chip production scales faster than power generation (because Elon builds TeraFab). It would be surprising if building and placing solar panels turned out to be harder than scaling semiconductor manufacturing. - Starship reaches thousands of launches per year. In that world, Elon wins the AI race outright. SpaceX is the only entity that can launch at that scale. xAI would have unlimited power. Everyone else will be stuck fighting over grid interconnects and turbine orders. And if those 3 conditions aren’t met? Well, on Earth, xAI is just gonna be one of the pack anyways - and there’s no market for the 4th best AI model. Elon’s comparative advantage was never going to be navigating utility interconnect queues or filing permits faster than Google. His advantage is SpaceX. So why not just bet on the world where SpaceX becomes the kingmaker? I asked Elon what that world looks like. 100 GW = 10,000 starship launches, and he wants to do more than that every year by 2030. That’s one starship launch every hour.
5:33

The first question I asked Elon Musk: What’s the point of sending GPUs into space? The whole idea behind orbital data centers is that if the launch costs continue to drop, it will become cheaper to put GPUs in orbit than to build power plants on Earth. The problem with this argument is that energy is only about 15% of a datacenter’s lifetime cost. The chips themselves are around 70%. And you still have to launch those to space! Elon kept returning to one point over and over again: It will simply not be physically possible to scale power production to the scale needed for AI on Earth. He kept pointing out the bottlenecks we’ve already run into on Earth: You can’t plug into the utilities - the interconnect queues are too long. You can’t do behind-the-meter natural gas and generate power yourself - lead times for turbines stretch past 2030. You can’t do solar on Earth, because of permits, and because of the tariffs. For it to make economical sense to shift compute to space, all of the following things would need to be true: - Power generation on Earth hits a ceiling, or AI demand outstrips every terrestrial option (for context, 1 TW of solar power is only 1% of the land area of the US, and AI currently only uses about 20 GW globally). - Chip production scales faster than power generation (because Elon builds TeraFab). It would be surprising if building and placing solar panels turned out to be harder than scaling semiconductor manufacturing. - Starship reaches thousands of launches per year. In that world, Elon wins the AI race outright. SpaceX is the only entity that can launch at that scale. xAI would have unlimited power. Everyone else will be stuck fighting over grid interconnects and turbine orders. And if those 3 conditions aren’t met? Well, on Earth, xAI is just gonna be one of the pack anyways - and there’s no market for the 4th best AI model. Elon’s comparative advantage was never going to be navigating utility interconnect queues or filing permits faster than Google. His advantage is SpaceX. So why not just bet on the world where SpaceX becomes the kingmaker? I asked Elon what that world looks like. 100 GW = 10,000 starship launches, and he wants to do more than that every year by 2030. That’s one starship launch every hour.

Dwarkesh Patel

405,538 views • 6 months ago

🚨NEW: Elon Musk explains the reason behind the SpaceX and xAI merger. "In order to understand the universe, you must explore the universe. That's the motivation behind the combination of SpaceX and xAI is to accelerate humanity's future in understanding the universe and extending the light of consciousness to the stars. So in the grand scheme of things, when you look at how much energy Earth is actually using for civilization, we're only right now using, call it roughly 1% of the potential energy of Earth. And if we wanted to use even a millionth of the sun's energy, that would be roughly a million times more energy than civilization currently uses. The only way to access that energy, the energy of the sun is to extend beyond Earth. Earth is really a tiny, tiny dust Mote in a vast darkness. The sun is 99.8% of all mass in the solar system, so you have to expand beyond the tiny dust mode that is earth to make any significant dent in using the sun's energy like says, you'd have to expand roughly a million times just to get to 1,000,000th of our sun's energy, and then going beyond that, exploring extending to the Galaxy. So the the next step beyond Earth data centers is our Earth orbital data centers, and we'll be launching with SpaceX orbital data centers at the 100 to 200 gigawatt per year level, not cumulative, I mean, per year. And ultimately, we see a path to maybe launching as much as a terawatt per year of compute from Earth."
1:25

🚨NEW: Elon Musk explains the reason behind the SpaceX and xAI merger. "In order to understand the universe, you must explore the universe. That's the motivation behind the combination of SpaceX and xAI is to accelerate humanity's future in understanding the universe and extending the light of consciousness to the stars. So in the grand scheme of things, when you look at how much energy Earth is actually using for civilization, we're only right now using, call it roughly 1% of the potential energy of Earth. And if we wanted to use even a millionth of the sun's energy, that would be roughly a million times more energy than civilization currently uses. The only way to access that energy, the energy of the sun is to extend beyond Earth. Earth is really a tiny, tiny dust Mote in a vast darkness. The sun is 99.8% of all mass in the solar system, so you have to expand beyond the tiny dust mode that is earth to make any significant dent in using the sun's energy like says, you'd have to expand roughly a million times just to get to 1,000,000th of our sun's energy, and then going beyond that, exploring extending to the Galaxy. So the the next step beyond Earth data centers is our Earth orbital data centers, and we'll be launching with SpaceX orbital data centers at the 100 to 200 gigawatt per year level, not cumulative, I mean, per year. And ultimately, we see a path to maybe launching as much as a terawatt per year of compute from Earth."

DogeDesigner

510,925 views • 6 months ago

The sun produces more energy in one second than humanity has used in its entire existence. SpaceX thinks the only way to actually use more of it is to leave Earth. Here's why Elon Musk is racing to build data centers in space: 1. Musk frames civilizational progress using the Kardashev scale, a measurement created by a Russian physicist that ranks civilizations by how much energy they can harness. Type one means harnessing a planet's full energy, type two means harnessing a star's energy, and type three means harnessing a galaxy's energy. 2. Right now, humanity registers as essentially nonexistent on this scale. We harness less than a trillionth of the sun's total power output. Musk says we are not even at the level of a micro soul on the scale. 3. The sun makes up 99.86 percent of all mass in the entire solar system. Earth is so small in comparison that it falls into the leftover miscellaneous category alongside everything that is not the sun or Jupiter. 4. Only about half a billionth of the sun's energy even reaches Earth's cross section, and most of that cannot be used because 70 percent of Earth is covered in water, and much of the remaining land is uninhabitable terrain like Antarctica and Siberia. 5. To meaningfully climb the Kardashev scale, humanity has to go to space. Reaching even one millionth of the sun's total energy output would require increasing civilizational energy use by more than a million times current levels. 6. Getting to just 1 percent of the sun's energy would make a civilization vastly more powerful than ours is today. Musk says even reaching that level would represent an extremely advanced civilization. 7. Three core requirements stand between humanity and this goal: mass to orbit capability, a massive amount of solar power, and enough AI chips to actually use that power. 8. Starship solves the mass to orbit problem. It is designed to be the first rocket in history with full and rapid reusability, a breakthrough Musk calls absolutely necessary for making life multi-planetary and for ascending the Kardashev scale at all. 9. Reusability is the same principle behind every successful mode of transport. Cars, planes, boats, and bicycles are all reusable. If airplanes were thrown away after every flight, flying would be far too expensive for anyone to use. 10. Starship is already the largest, heaviest, and most powerful flying object ever built. Version 3 produces more than double the thrust of the Saturn V moon rocket, and version 4 is expected to produce nearly three times that thrust. 11. SpaceX currently delivers between 85 and 90 percent of all mass that reaches orbit from Earth using Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. With Starship, the company aims to scale mass to orbit from roughly 2,500 tons a year to millions of tons a year within about three years. 12. The proposed AI satellites are actually simpler to build than Starlink satellites. They mainly need solar cells, radiators, and laser links, without the complex phased array and parabolic antennas that Starlink satellites require. 13. The first version of the SpaceX AI satellite targets 150 kilowatts of peak power and 120 kilowatts of sustained power, roughly matching the output of a single Nvidia GB300 compute rack here on Earth. 14. These satellites will connect to each other through laser links and to the Starlink constellation, which then relays data to the ground. Despite orbiting 600 to 800 kilometers above Earth, the added latency is roughly only 3 milliseconds. 15. Heat management in space is actually easier than on Earth because radiators can simply release heat directly into the vacuum, removing the need for the massive cooling infrastructure required by ground based data centers. 16. SpaceX already operates around 10,000 Starlink satellites and claims to be the only company with real experience safely operating constellations at that scale, which gives them a head start in managing potentially thousands or even up to a million AI satellites. 17. To actually scale chip production to the levels needed, SpaceX is planning what it calls a Terafab, a chip manufacturing facility expected to span roughly 100 million square feet, about ten times the size of the existing Tesla Gigafactory in Texas. 18. The rough timeline targets reaching an annualized rate of 1 gigawatt of space based AI compute by the end of next year, scaling by roughly 10x per year afterward, eventually aiming for a terawatt per year, which is twice the entire current electricity consumption of the United States. 19. To push three orders of magnitude beyond even that terawatt goal, Musk describes building a mass driver on the moon, an electromagnetic rail gun style system that uses the moon's lack of atmosphere and lower gravity to launch satellites into space without needing a rocket at all. 20. Musk frames the long term vision in deeply personal terms. If enough mass and infrastructure eventually moves to the moon, it would become accessible enough that almost anyone who wants to go could go, and potentially even live there permanently. Follow Brad if you want more content on business, mindset & life changing ideas.
30:32

The sun produces more energy in one second than humanity has used in its entire existence. SpaceX thinks the only way to actually use more of it is to leave Earth. Here's why Elon Musk is racing to build data centers in space: 1. Musk frames civilizational progress using the Kardashev scale, a measurement created by a Russian physicist that ranks civilizations by how much energy they can harness. Type one means harnessing a planet's full energy, type two means harnessing a star's energy, and type three means harnessing a galaxy's energy. 2. Right now, humanity registers as essentially nonexistent on this scale. We harness less than a trillionth of the sun's total power output. Musk says we are not even at the level of a micro soul on the scale. 3. The sun makes up 99.86 percent of all mass in the entire solar system. Earth is so small in comparison that it falls into the leftover miscellaneous category alongside everything that is not the sun or Jupiter. 4. Only about half a billionth of the sun's energy even reaches Earth's cross section, and most of that cannot be used because 70 percent of Earth is covered in water, and much of the remaining land is uninhabitable terrain like Antarctica and Siberia. 5. To meaningfully climb the Kardashev scale, humanity has to go to space. Reaching even one millionth of the sun's total energy output would require increasing civilizational energy use by more than a million times current levels. 6. Getting to just 1 percent of the sun's energy would make a civilization vastly more powerful than ours is today. Musk says even reaching that level would represent an extremely advanced civilization. 7. Three core requirements stand between humanity and this goal: mass to orbit capability, a massive amount of solar power, and enough AI chips to actually use that power. 8. Starship solves the mass to orbit problem. It is designed to be the first rocket in history with full and rapid reusability, a breakthrough Musk calls absolutely necessary for making life multi-planetary and for ascending the Kardashev scale at all. 9. Reusability is the same principle behind every successful mode of transport. Cars, planes, boats, and bicycles are all reusable. If airplanes were thrown away after every flight, flying would be far too expensive for anyone to use. 10. Starship is already the largest, heaviest, and most powerful flying object ever built. Version 3 produces more than double the thrust of the Saturn V moon rocket, and version 4 is expected to produce nearly three times that thrust. 11. SpaceX currently delivers between 85 and 90 percent of all mass that reaches orbit from Earth using Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. With Starship, the company aims to scale mass to orbit from roughly 2,500 tons a year to millions of tons a year within about three years. 12. The proposed AI satellites are actually simpler to build than Starlink satellites. They mainly need solar cells, radiators, and laser links, without the complex phased array and parabolic antennas that Starlink satellites require. 13. The first version of the SpaceX AI satellite targets 150 kilowatts of peak power and 120 kilowatts of sustained power, roughly matching the output of a single Nvidia GB300 compute rack here on Earth. 14. These satellites will connect to each other through laser links and to the Starlink constellation, which then relays data to the ground. Despite orbiting 600 to 800 kilometers above Earth, the added latency is roughly only 3 milliseconds. 15. Heat management in space is actually easier than on Earth because radiators can simply release heat directly into the vacuum, removing the need for the massive cooling infrastructure required by ground based data centers. 16. SpaceX already operates around 10,000 Starlink satellites and claims to be the only company with real experience safely operating constellations at that scale, which gives them a head start in managing potentially thousands or even up to a million AI satellites. 17. To actually scale chip production to the levels needed, SpaceX is planning what it calls a Terafab, a chip manufacturing facility expected to span roughly 100 million square feet, about ten times the size of the existing Tesla Gigafactory in Texas. 18. The rough timeline targets reaching an annualized rate of 1 gigawatt of space based AI compute by the end of next year, scaling by roughly 10x per year afterward, eventually aiming for a terawatt per year, which is twice the entire current electricity consumption of the United States. 19. To push three orders of magnitude beyond even that terawatt goal, Musk describes building a mass driver on the moon, an electromagnetic rail gun style system that uses the moon's lack of atmosphere and lower gravity to launch satellites into space without needing a rocket at all. 20. Musk frames the long term vision in deeply personal terms. If enough mass and infrastructure eventually moves to the moon, it would become accessible enough that almost anyone who wants to go could go, and potentially even live there permanently. Follow Brad if you want more content on business, mindset & life changing ideas.

Brad

12,955 views • 1 month ago