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Ever wonder why network engineers are ALWAYS obsessed with "Layer 7" when the TCP/IP model only has five layers? I’m breaking down the mystery of the Application Layer and why we still use the OSI model to describe it. #Networking #Layer7 #TCPIP #Cisco

NetworkChuck

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17,413 views • 2 months ago •via X (Twitter)

#Networking #Layer7 #TCPIP #Cisco

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There are five layers in the #AI architecture: the application layer, model layer, chip layer, infrastructure layer, and energy layer. India is working on all five layers and making good progress in each of them. On the application layer, India will probably be the supplier of services to the world - Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw at the WEF, speaking on India’s capabilities in AI-based solutions in services #WorldEconomicForum2026 #WEF26 #WEF2026

There are five layers in the #AI architecture: the application layer, model layer, chip layer, infrastructure layer, and energy layer. India is working on all five layers and making good progress in each of them. On the application layer, India will probably be the supplier of services to the world - Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw at the WEF, speaking on India’s capabilities in AI-based solutions in services #WorldEconomicForum2026 #WEF26 #WEF2026

PIB India

18,676 views • 6 months ago

Chamath just said the quiet part out loud, and explained why all the value from the trillions of capex will sit at the application and infrastructure layers The model layer, led by Anthropic and OpenAI, is now getting commoditized faster than ever before Open source has caught up, and there is no sustainable moat anymore. The real businesses are all being built below and above Worth giving this a listen

Chamath just said the quiet part out loud, and explained why all the value from the trillions of capex will sit at the application and infrastructure layers The model layer, led by Anthropic and OpenAI, is now getting commoditized faster than ever before Open source has caught up, and there is no sustainable moat anymore. The real businesses are all being built below and above Worth giving this a listen

Boring_Business

440,753 views • 15 days ago

Don't talk directly to a model. You can make your application 10x more flexible by simply adding one intermediate layer between your code and the model. This is the simplest trick you can use to improve the architecture of whatever you are building.

Don't talk directly to a model. You can make your application 10x more flexible by simply adding one intermediate layer between your code and the model. This is the simplest trick you can use to improve the architecture of whatever you are building.

Santiago

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"You can vibe code the creation of the contract. But the contract still has to get stored somewhere. It still has to get governed somewhere. It still has to have a retention policy and access controls." Aaron Levie spoke with Casey Newton on why the most agentic enterprise future still runs on governed, structured data and why that makes the content layer more critical than ever.

"You can vibe code the creation of the contract. But the contract still has to get stored somewhere. It still has to get governed somewhere. It still has to have a retention policy and access controls." Aaron Levie spoke with Casey Newton on why the most agentic enterprise future still runs on governed, structured data and why that makes the content layer more critical than ever.

Box

788,048 views • 2 months ago

Jensen Huang told a room of global investors that AI is not one industry. It is five stacked on top of each other. Most people are investing in layer four and ignoring layers one through three entirely. He called it the five-layer cake. Layer one is energy. Jensen said this is the single greatest opportunity for the energy industry in a hundred years. The first time in a century that the grid in most countries can actually attract serious capital. Nuclear, solar, wind, hydrogen, it does not matter what form. If it produces energy, it gets funded. Siemens, GE Vernova, Mitsubishi. That is why they are all doing so well right now. Layer two is chips, computers, networking, and silicon photonics. Everything that processes the intelligence. Layer three is infrastructure. Land, power, buildings, data center operations. Every single one in short supply today. Layer four is the model layer. OpenAI, Anthropic. The layer everyone talks about. Layer five is applications. Every startup applying AI to financial services, legal, healthcare, logistics, transportation. Last year alone, a hundred billion dollars of venture capital went into this layer. The single largest VC year in the history of humanity. Then he said the number that stopped me cold. We are putting one trillion dollars into this five-layer cake this year. That sounds enormous. Jensen thinks the AI industry will eventually run at twenty trillion dollars per year. We are one trillion in of a twenty trillion dollar per year ecosystem. Most people watching AI are staring at layer four. Jensen was describing layers one through five as a single compounding system where every layer feeds the one above it. The people who understand that will invest differently than the people who do not.

Jensen Huang told a room of global investors that AI is not one industry. It is five stacked on top of each other. Most people are investing in layer four and ignoring layers one through three entirely. He called it the five-layer cake. Layer one is energy. Jensen said this is the single greatest opportunity for the energy industry in a hundred years. The first time in a century that the grid in most countries can actually attract serious capital. Nuclear, solar, wind, hydrogen, it does not matter what form. If it produces energy, it gets funded. Siemens, GE Vernova, Mitsubishi. That is why they are all doing so well right now. Layer two is chips, computers, networking, and silicon photonics. Everything that processes the intelligence. Layer three is infrastructure. Land, power, buildings, data center operations. Every single one in short supply today. Layer four is the model layer. OpenAI, Anthropic. The layer everyone talks about. Layer five is applications. Every startup applying AI to financial services, legal, healthcare, logistics, transportation. Last year alone, a hundred billion dollars of venture capital went into this layer. The single largest VC year in the history of humanity. Then he said the number that stopped me cold. We are putting one trillion dollars into this five-layer cake this year. That sounds enormous. Jensen thinks the AI industry will eventually run at twenty trillion dollars per year. We are one trillion in of a twenty trillion dollar per year ecosystem. Most people watching AI are staring at layer four. Jensen was describing layers one through five as a single compounding system where every layer feeds the one above it. The people who understand that will invest differently than the people who do not.

Ihtesham Ali

97,887 views • 1 month ago

🌌Create multi-layered Membership Cards or collections with Galaxis. 🌌How do you create amazing cards with 3 layers? Here’s a quick guide: 🖼️Design 3 unique layers ✨Layers with higher numbers are placed on top of the layers with lower numbers. ☝️Layer 1 will be the background, ☝️Layer 2 will be in the middle, and ☝️Layer 3 will be on the top of the card. ☝️Remember: use a transparent background when creating layer 2 and layer 3 files. 🌌Launch your multi-layered Membership Card masterpiece on Galaxis.

🌌Create multi-layered Membership Cards or collections with Galaxis. 🌌How do you create amazing cards with 3 layers? Here’s a quick guide: 🖼️Design 3 unique layers ✨Layers with higher numbers are placed on top of the layers with lower numbers. ☝️Layer 1 will be the background, ☝️Layer 2 will be in the middle, and ☝️Layer 3 will be on the top of the card. ☝️Remember: use a transparent background when creating layer 2 and layer 3 files. 🌌Launch your multi-layered Membership Card masterpiece on Galaxis.

Galaxis

26,575 views • 2 years ago

🤔 Why do we still rely on the final layer of an LLM, when different layers encode different information? 🤔 In our new work, “Improving LLM Final Representations with Inter-Layer Geometry” (ICLR 2026 Workshop on Geometry-grounded Representation Learning and Generative Modeling) we show that actually, LLMs do not have one “best” layer. We introduce the Cayley-Encoder: an efficient and effective geometric encoder that learns one strong representation from all layer representations of the LLM, without biasing the representation toward any specific layer. While adding at most 0.1% learned parameters to the LLM, the Cayley-Encoder achieves large empirical gains over LoRA fine-tuning, final-layer representations, expensive attention-based aggregation, and methods that optimize specific layers for the task.

🤔 Why do we still rely on the final layer of an LLM, when different layers encode different information? 🤔 In our new work, “Improving LLM Final Representations with Inter-Layer Geometry” (ICLR 2026 Workshop on Geometry-grounded Representation Learning and Generative Modeling) we show that actually, LLMs do not have one “best” layer. We introduce the Cayley-Encoder: an efficient and effective geometric encoder that learns one strong representation from all layer representations of the LLM, without biasing the representation toward any specific layer. While adding at most 0.1% learned parameters to the LLM, the Cayley-Encoder achieves large empirical gains over LoRA fine-tuning, final-layer representations, expensive attention-based aggregation, and methods that optimize specific layers for the task.

Maya Bechler-Speicher

16,597 views • 2 months ago

Palantir CEO Alex Karp on why the model is not the moat. The application layer is: "To make them valuable in an enterprise, like a battlefield, regulated, or manufacturing context, you have to have what's called an application layer." "We have this thing called ontology that now everyone's copying. It takes a large language model and makes it safe and useful and precise." "Safe because it doesn't touch your underlying data." "Safe because it prevents the large language model from caching your data and replicating your business." The tell for any enterprise AI pitch: ask what sits between the model and your data. If the answer is nothing, you are not buying leverage. You are renting a fast way to hand your business to whoever owns the weights. Alex Karp, CEO of Palantir, on CNBC.

Palantir CEO Alex Karp on why the model is not the moat. The application layer is: "To make them valuable in an enterprise, like a battlefield, regulated, or manufacturing context, you have to have what's called an application layer." "We have this thing called ontology that now everyone's copying. It takes a large language model and makes it safe and useful and precise." "Safe because it doesn't touch your underlying data." "Safe because it prevents the large language model from caching your data and replicating your business." The tell for any enterprise AI pitch: ask what sits between the model and your data. If the answer is nothing, you are not buying leverage. You are renting a fast way to hand your business to whoever owns the weights. Alex Karp, CEO of Palantir, on CNBC.

Karl Mehta

31,891 views • 1 month ago

Jensen Huang explains the AI industry as a five layer cake, and why "model only" companies are missing the real map. "AI is not just a model. AI is really a five layer cake to think about it." "From the lowest level, it requires energy because AI is produced, generated in real time, just like you and I right now. We need calories, we need energy." "The next level is chips. This is where Nvidia is and where a lot of the companies in Taiwan are." "The layer above that is infrastructure: land, power, data center, as well as the cloud service software that turns the chips into a cloud service." "The layer above that is where most people think about when they think about AI, which is models. ChatGPT was revolutionary. Claude Code is now incredibly successful. But AI is much more than just human language." Most people are still debating the model layer. Jensen is describing an industrial stack: energy, chips, infrastructure, models, and applications. If you are building in AI, this is the map that matters. The winning product may look like software, but the bottlenecks are calories, land, power, data centers, chips, and distribution. - Jensen Huang (NVIDIA), CEO of Nvidia, on CNA

Jensen Huang explains the AI industry as a five layer cake, and why "model only" companies are missing the real map. "AI is not just a model. AI is really a five layer cake to think about it." "From the lowest level, it requires energy because AI is produced, generated in real time, just like you and I right now. We need calories, we need energy." "The next level is chips. This is where Nvidia is and where a lot of the companies in Taiwan are." "The layer above that is infrastructure: land, power, data center, as well as the cloud service software that turns the chips into a cloud service." "The layer above that is where most people think about when they think about AI, which is models. ChatGPT was revolutionary. Claude Code is now incredibly successful. But AI is much more than just human language." Most people are still debating the model layer. Jensen is describing an industrial stack: energy, chips, infrastructure, models, and applications. If you are building in AI, this is the map that matters. The winning product may look like software, but the bottlenecks are calories, land, power, data centers, chips, and distribution. - Jensen Huang (NVIDIA), CEO of Nvidia, on CNA

Karl Mehta

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AI is threatening ALL creative work. This is why we built Camp, the Autonomous IP Layer 1 Blockchain. But what does that mean — and why should it matter to you?

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Camp Network

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AI is not one model. It is a five layer industrial stack: energy, chips and systems, infrastructure software, models, and applications. When America leads across that stack, we lead the next wave of growth.

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Ever wondered what neural networks are and how they work? Systems like ChatGPT use neural networks to work as well as they do. Neural networks are composed of "layers" of neurons, layers with different functions; connections between layers called "weights"; and mathematical functions called "activation functions". If you’re interested in learning about these systems, check the comments. Ultimately, the neural network structure of the model serves to visually demonstrate that it is, in fact, a complex mathematical equation. When companies release the model's weights, they are releasing a key component needed to run the model's complete equation. Without the weights, the equation is incomplete. For the math-minded: the weights of a model are the learned numbers (they are variables during training) that are then used as constants in the mathematical functions that make up the model. Neural networks are ultimately just one big, hyper-complex mathematical function, and when a model is trained, it learns the constants associated with the high-dimensional input.

Ever wondered what neural networks are and how they work? Systems like ChatGPT use neural networks to work as well as they do. Neural networks are composed of "layers" of neurons, layers with different functions; connections between layers called "weights"; and mathematical functions called "activation functions". If you’re interested in learning about these systems, check the comments. Ultimately, the neural network structure of the model serves to visually demonstrate that it is, in fact, a complex mathematical equation. When companies release the model's weights, they are releasing a key component needed to run the model's complete equation. Without the weights, the equation is incomplete. For the math-minded: the weights of a model are the learned numbers (they are variables during training) that are then used as constants in the mathematical functions that make up the model. Neural networks are ultimately just one big, hyper-complex mathematical function, and when a model is trained, it learns the constants associated with the high-dimensional input.

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Ever wonder why Ukraine is so obsessed with the Kerch Bridge? Attacking it wouldn’t change much, since there are other supply routes now. Well, we know why. And now you will too.

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Martin martin_casado and I had a fun hour-long chat about why we need an AI software layer, and why that's true even if AGI arrives. This is basically my take on why "the model" is definitely NOT "the product", though models are one way you may decide to implement some products

Martin martin_casado and I had a fun hour-long chat about why we need an AI software layer, and why that's true even if AGI arrives. This is basically my take on why "the model" is definitely NOT "the product", though models are one way you may decide to implement some products

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Gavin Baker on the SpaceX situation: "Wall Street consensus is $73 billion in revenue - if they bring on 3 gigawatts of power next year that's $150 billion - that's not in the model" this is him explaining why SpaceX could double what the Street expects, why intelligence per dollar will define the future of AI, and why betting against Elon has destroyed entire funds "open source models fundamentally just shift margin from the model layer to the infrastructure layer - if you have cheaper tokens we're going to consume more of them - we are structurally short compute" "the Cursor acquisition for $60 billion is looking very smart - that was $3 billion in annual revenue when they bought it - I think it's probably materially higher" "there's a graveyard of funds that shut down because they were Tesla short" bookmark & watch the full conversation ↓

Gavin Baker on the SpaceX situation: "Wall Street consensus is $73 billion in revenue - if they bring on 3 gigawatts of power next year that's $150 billion - that's not in the model" this is him explaining why SpaceX could double what the Street expects, why intelligence per dollar will define the future of AI, and why betting against Elon has destroyed entire funds "open source models fundamentally just shift margin from the model layer to the infrastructure layer - if you have cheaper tokens we're going to consume more of them - we are structurally short compute" "the Cursor acquisition for $60 billion is looking very smart - that was $3 billion in annual revenue when they bought it - I think it's probably materially higher" "there's a graveyard of funds that shut down because they were Tesla short" bookmark & watch the full conversation ↓

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Why do I paint with acrylics instead of oils? For me, it comes down to speed. I can build layer after layer without waiting days for the paint to set. That lets me keep the momentum going. Every medium has its strengths, but acrylics fit the way I like to paint.

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"Consumers are better served when the model provider and the application provider are separate. If the same company owns both, it has an incentive to maximize token consumption rather than optimize for efficiency and customer value. An independent application layer creates competition between models, forcing them to be faster, cheaper, and better, while giving customers more choice and less vendor lock-in." Matan Grinberg Why is this wrong and what would you say in response Boris Cherny Anthony Morris ツ Bryce, the CUDA Colonel Thariq Alexander Embiricos jason

"Consumers are better served when the model provider and the application provider are separate. If the same company owns both, it has an incentive to maximize token consumption rather than optimize for efficiency and customer value. An independent application layer creates competition between models, forcing them to be faster, cheaper, and better, while giving customers more choice and less vendor lock-in." Matan Grinberg Why is this wrong and what would you say in response Boris Cherny Anthony Morris ツ Bryce, the CUDA Colonel Thariq Alexander Embiricos jason

Harry Stebbings

29,959 views • 1 month ago

MODI IS TRAPPED IN A CHAKRAVYUH!!🤯 *THE 1ST LAYER:* Target Indian Economy thus result in collpase of Indian Economy!! *THE 2ND LAYER:* Target Agniveer Scheme saying it will kill the youth of the country & will finish Army"!! *THE 3RD LAYER:* Target Farmers & thus provoking them resulting in destroy of India's food supply!! *THE 4TH LAYER:* Target Hindus through Caste Census Finally,Divide & Rule Hindus!! *THE 5TH LAYER:* Provoke Muslim's saying Muslim's are under attack in India!! *THE 6TH LAYER:* Target Indian Constitution saying Constitution is in danger. Dictator Modi will change the Constitution!! *THE 7TH LAYER:* Foreign powers come into play. They will fund & provide plans... Thus plant their agenda!! These are the *7 LAYER CHAKRAVYUH* Modi has to fight against!! Their plan is nothing but to bring the graph of Modi down. But Modi is fighting alone with such brutal force only for us. WE MUST STAND STRONG WITH MODI

MODI IS TRAPPED IN A CHAKRAVYUH!!🤯 THE 1ST LAYER: Target Indian Economy thus result in collpase of Indian Economy!! THE 2ND LAYER: Target Agniveer Scheme saying it will kill the youth of the country & will finish Army"!! THE 3RD LAYER: Target Farmers & thus provoking them resulting in destroy of India's food supply!! THE 4TH LAYER: Target Hindus through Caste Census Finally,Divide & Rule Hindus!! THE 5TH LAYER: Provoke Muslim's saying Muslim's are under attack in India!! THE 6TH LAYER: Target Indian Constitution saying Constitution is in danger. Dictator Modi will change the Constitution!! THE 7TH LAYER: Foreign powers come into play. They will fund & provide plans... Thus plant their agenda!! These are the 7 LAYER CHAKRAVYUH Modi has to fight against!! Their plan is nothing but to bring the graph of Modi down. But Modi is fighting alone with such brutal force only for us. WE MUST STAND STRONG WITH MODI

Mahesh Vikram Hegde 🇮🇳

23,236 views • 1 year ago