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Have you used quantization with an open source machine learning library, and wondered how quantization works? How can you preserve model accuracy as you compress from 32 bits to 16, 8, or even 2 bits? In our new short course, Quantization in Depth, taught by Hugging Face's Marc Sun... and @younesbelkada, you'll learn to implement variants of linear quantization, such as asymmetric and symmetric modes, from scratch. You'll also quantize at different granularities (per-tensor, per-channel, per-group) to maintain performance. You’ll then construct a quantizer to compress any open source deep learning model’s dense layers to 8-bit precision. Finally, you’ll practice quantizing weights into 2 bits by packing four 2-bit weights into a single 8-bit integer. If you've ever run a large open source model on your laptop, you've likely benefited from someone's work in quantization. Come learn how this key technique works under the hood! Please sign up here:show more

Andrew Ng

1,628,524 subscribers

198,616 次观看 • 2 年前 •via X (Twitter)

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10 条评论

Quantcheck 的头像

Quantcheck2 年前

@huggingface Whether it is signal processing, data compression, or machine learning, Quantization plays a crucial role.

Saquib Mehmood 的头像

Saquib Mehmood2 年前

@huggingface Thanks. Very helpful refresher.

kevlarai 的头像

kevlarai2 年前

@huggingface I'd love to learn more about this. What are the suggested pre-reqs?

Malik KISSOUM 的头像

Malik KISSOUM2 年前

@huggingface This is fire 🔥🔥🔥, thank you for making deep learning so fun and accessible

AIxBlock 的头像

AIxBlock2 年前

@huggingface The detailed approach to understanding and implementing different quantization methods will undoubtedly empower many developers!

Vincent Valentine (CEO of UnOpen.ai) 的头像

Vincent Valentine (CEO of UnOpen.ai)2 年前

@huggingface @AndrewYNg Fascinating course. Quantization intrigues me - compressing models while retaining accuracy? How does this technique balance resource optimization and performance? Exploring the intricacies seems insightful.

Data & Analytics 的头像

Data & Analytics2 年前

@huggingface @AndrewYNg Interesting topic! Quantization can be tricky, but preserving model accuracy is key. Have you tried any techniques to maintain accuracy during compression?

GPT.Biz 的头像

GPT.Biz2 年前

探索量化的奥秘吧，这门课程将带你从理论到实践，了解如何优化模型的存储与计算效率！

GeraDeluxer 的头像

GeraDeluxer2 年前

@huggingface Thanks a lot for the great AI content 🚀

Michael Guo 的头像

Michael Guo2 年前

@huggingface I have put this course on my radar for quite some time and thanks for the reminder and I need get it done

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LLMs can take gigabytes of memory to store, which limits what can be run on consumer hardware. But quantization can dramatically compress models, making a wider selection of models available to developers. You can often reduce model size by 4x or more while maintaining reasonable performance. In our new short course Quantization Fundamentals taught by Hugging Face's @younesbelkada and Marc Sun, you'll: - Learn how to quantize nearly any open source model - Use int8 and bfloat16 (Brain float 16) data types to load and run LLMs using PyTorch and the Hugging Face Transformers library - Dive into the technical details of linear quantization to map 32-bit floats to 8-bit integers As models get bigger and bigger, quantization becomes more important for making models practical and accessible. Please check out the course here:

LLMs can take gigabytes of memory to store, which limits what can be run on consumer hardware. But quantization can dramatically compress models, making a wider selection of models available to developers. You can often reduce model size by 4x or more while maintaining reasonable performance. In our new short course Quantization Fundamentals taught by Hugging Face's @younesbelkada and Marc Sun, you'll: - Learn how to quantize nearly any open source model - Use int8 and bfloat16 (Brain float 16) data types to load and run LLMs using PyTorch and the Hugging Face Transformers library - Dive into the technical details of linear quantization to map 32-bit floats to 8-bit integers As models get bigger and bigger, quantization becomes more important for making models practical and accessible. Please check out the course here:

Andrew Ng

288,266 次观看 • 2 年前

We open-sourced QeRL — Quantization-enhanced Reinforcement Learning ! 🧠 4-bit quantized RL training 💪 Train a 32B LLM on a single H100 GPU ⚙️ 1.7× faster overall training 🎯 Accuracy on par with bfloat16-level accuracy 🔥 Supports NVFP4 quantization format Moreover, we show that quantization helps exploration in RL training. Paper: Code: #NVIDIA #AIResearch #ReinforcementLearning #Quantization #LLM #EfficientAI

We open-sourced QeRL — Quantization-enhanced Reinforcement Learning ! 🧠 4-bit quantized RL training 💪 Train a 32B LLM on a single H100 GPU ⚙️ 1.7× faster overall training 🎯 Accuracy on par with bfloat16-level accuracy 🔥 Supports NVFP4 quantization format Moreover, we show that quantization helps exploration in RL training. Paper: Code: #NVIDIA #AIResearch #ReinforcementLearning #Quantization #LLM #EfficientAI

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69,747 次观看 • 8 个月前

New short course: Open Source Models with Hugging Face 🤗, taught by Maria Khalusova, Marc Sun, and Younes Belkada! Hugging Face has been a game changer by letting you quickly grab any of hundreds of thousands of already-trained open source models to assemble into new applications. This course teaches you best practices for building this way, including how to search and choose among models. You’ll learn to use the Transformers library and walk through multiple models for text, audio, and image processing, including zero-shot image segmentation, zero-shot audio classification, and speech recognition. You'll also learn to use multimodal models for visual question answering, image search, and image captioning. Finally, you’ll learn how to demo what you build locally, on the cloud, or via an API using Gradio and Hugging Face Spaces. You can sign up here:

New short course: Open Source Models with Hugging Face 🤗, taught by Maria Khalusova, Marc Sun, and Younes Belkada! Hugging Face has been a game changer by letting you quickly grab any of hundreds of thousands of already-trained open source models to assemble into new applications. This course teaches you best practices for building this way, including how to search and choose among models. You’ll learn to use the Transformers library and walk through multiple models for text, audio, and image processing, including zero-shot image segmentation, zero-shot audio classification, and speech recognition. You'll also learn to use multimodal models for visual question answering, image search, and image captioning. Finally, you’ll learn how to demo what you build locally, on the cloud, or via an API using Gradio and Hugging Face Spaces. You can sign up here:

Andrew Ng

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DeepSeek R1 671B running on 2 M2 Ultras faster than reading speed. Getting close to open-source O1, at home, on consumer hardware. With mlx.distributed and mlx-lm, 3-bit quantization (~4 bpw)

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Tokenization -- turning text into a sequence of integers -- is a key part of generative AI, and most API providers charge per million tokens. How does tokenization work? Learn the details of tokenization and RAG optimization in Retrieval Optimization: From Tokenization to Vector Quantization, created in collaboration with Qdrant and taught by its Developer Relations Lead, Kacper Łukawski. This course focuses on Retrieval augmented generation (RAG), which has two steps: First, a retriever finds relevant information; then, the generator uses what’s retrieved as context to produce a response. You’ll learn to optimize the first step (the retriever) by understanding how tokenization works and how it impacts the relevance of your search. In addition, you will also learn to measure and improve retrieval quality, speed, and memory. In detail, you’ll: - Learn about the internal workings of the embedding models and how your text turns into vectors. - Understand how several tokenizers, such as Byte-Pair Encoding, WordPiece, Unigram, and SentencePiece work. - Explore common challenges with tokenizers, such as unknown tokens, domain-specific identifiers, and numerical values, that can negatively affect your vector search. - Understand how to measure the quality of your search across relevance, ranking, and score-related metrics. - Understand how the main parameters in "HNSW", a graph-based algorithm, affect the relevance and speed of vector search, and how to tune its parameters. - Experiment with the three major quantization methods – product, scalar, and binary – and learn how they impact memory requirements, search quality, and speed. By the end of this course, you’ll have a solid understanding of how tokenization functions and how to optimize vector search in your RAG systems. Please sign up here!

Tokenization -- turning text into a sequence of integers -- is a key part of generative AI, and most API providers charge per million tokens. How does tokenization work? Learn the details of tokenization and RAG optimization in Retrieval Optimization: From Tokenization to Vector Quantization, created in collaboration with Qdrant and taught by its Developer Relations Lead, Kacper Łukawski. This course focuses on Retrieval augmented generation (RAG), which has two steps: First, a retriever finds relevant information; then, the generator uses what’s retrieved as context to produce a response. You’ll learn to optimize the first step (the retriever) by understanding how tokenization works and how it impacts the relevance of your search. In addition, you will also learn to measure and improve retrieval quality, speed, and memory. In detail, you’ll: - Learn about the internal workings of the embedding models and how your text turns into vectors. - Understand how several tokenizers, such as Byte-Pair Encoding, WordPiece, Unigram, and SentencePiece work. - Explore common challenges with tokenizers, such as unknown tokens, domain-specific identifiers, and numerical values, that can negatively affect your vector search. - Understand how to measure the quality of your search across relevance, ranking, and score-related metrics. - Understand how the main parameters in "HNSW", a graph-based algorithm, affect the relevance and speed of vector search, and how to tune its parameters. - Experiment with the three major quantization methods – product, scalar, and binary – and learn how they impact memory requirements, search quality, and speed. By the end of this course, you’ll have a solid understanding of how tokenization functions and how to optimize vector search in your RAG systems. Please sign up here!

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146,200 次观看 • 1 年前

The most clearest and crisp explanation, I've ever heard, of how large language models compress and capture a "world-model" in their weights simply by learning to predict the next word accurately. Furthermore, how the raw power of these base models can then be tamed by teaching them to follow instructions from humans. Source:

The most clearest and crisp explanation, I've ever heard, of how large language models compress and capture a "world-model" in their weights simply by learning to predict the next word accurately. Furthermore, how the raw power of these base models can then be tamed by teaching them to follow instructions from humans. Source:

Zain

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Andrew Ng

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104,371 次观看 • 2 年前

How many bits you need to listen to FM? A quick demo using the latest SpyServer and SDR# with 32, 24, 16, 8, 4, 2 and 1-bit streaming. #airspy #sdrsharp

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prog

13,607 次观看 • 1 年前

New Short Course: Getting Structured LLM Output! Learn how to get structured outputs from your LLM applications in this course, built in partnership with .txt, and taught by Will Kurt, a Founding Engineer, and , Developer Relations Engineer. It's challenging for software to automatically parse through an LLM's freeform text outputs. Structured outputs—like JSON—solve this by converting natural language into consistent, clear, data that a machine can read and process. This course teaches you how to generate structured outputs while building several use cases, including a social media analysis agent. You’ll learn about structured outputs and efficient ways to generate outputs in your defined schema or format. You’ll begin by using structured output APIs, then use re-prompting libraries like “instructor” to generate structured output. Finally, you’ll learn how constrained decoding works; this is a very clever technique in which constraints are applied on each subsequent token generated, blocking any tokens that don’t fit your defined schema. In detail, you’ll: - Learn why structured outputs are important, how they allow for scalable software development, and the different approaches to generate them, including vendor-provided APIs, re-prompting libraries, and structured generation. - Build a simple social media agent using OpenAI’s structured output API, learn how to define a model's desired structured output using Pydantic, and perform basic programming with your outputs, such as importing structured data into a data frame using pandas. - Learn how to use the open-source library "instructor," which checks the structured output of the model and re-prompts the model until it validates the desired output, and explore the limitations of this approach. - Understand how structured generation by the “outlines” library works by modifying LLM logits, on a per-generated-token basis based on the desired format, to give a particular output structure. - Learn how regular expressions, which outlines works with, are represented as finite-state machines, and how they can be used to develop a range of structured outputs beyond JSON. By the end of this course, you’ll have broadened your knowledge of the approaches you can use to get structured outputs from your LLM applications. Please sign up here:

New Short Course: Getting Structured LLM Output! Learn how to get structured outputs from your LLM applications in this course, built in partnership with .txt, and taught by Will Kurt, a Founding Engineer, and , Developer Relations Engineer. It's challenging for software to automatically parse through an LLM's freeform text outputs. Structured outputs—like JSON—solve this by converting natural language into consistent, clear, data that a machine can read and process. This course teaches you how to generate structured outputs while building several use cases, including a social media analysis agent. You’ll learn about structured outputs and efficient ways to generate outputs in your defined schema or format. You’ll begin by using structured output APIs, then use re-prompting libraries like “instructor” to generate structured output. Finally, you’ll learn how constrained decoding works; this is a very clever technique in which constraints are applied on each subsequent token generated, blocking any tokens that don’t fit your defined schema. In detail, you’ll: - Learn why structured outputs are important, how they allow for scalable software development, and the different approaches to generate them, including vendor-provided APIs, re-prompting libraries, and structured generation. - Build a simple social media agent using OpenAI’s structured output API, learn how to define a model's desired structured output using Pydantic, and perform basic programming with your outputs, such as importing structured data into a data frame using pandas. - Learn how to use the open-source library "instructor," which checks the structured output of the model and re-prompts the model until it validates the desired output, and explore the limitations of this approach. - Understand how structured generation by the “outlines” library works by modifying LLM logits, on a per-generated-token basis based on the desired format, to give a particular output structure. - Learn how regular expressions, which outlines works with, are represented as finite-state machines, and how they can be used to develop a range of structured outputs beyond JSON. By the end of this course, you’ll have broadened your knowledge of the approaches you can use to get structured outputs from your LLM applications. Please sign up here:

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89,578 次观看 • 1 年前

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New short course on Pretraining LLMs! Developed with Upstage and taught by their CEO Sung Kim and CSO Lucy Park. While prompting or fine-tuning existing models works well for many general language tasks, pretraining is valuable for specialized domains or languages with limited representation in current models. This course walks you through the LLM pretraining pipeline: 1. Data preparation: Learn to source, clean, and prepare training data using HuggingFace. 2. Model architecture: Configure transformer networks, including modifying existing models. 3. Training: Set up and run training using open-source libraries. 4. Evaluation: Benchmark performance using popular evaluation strategies. As an example use case, you'll also compare the output of a base model with its fine-tuned and further pretrained variants, to see the impact of pretraining on a model's ability to write Python. The course also explores an innovative technique called depth up-scaling, which Upstage used to train their Solar model family, reducing pretraining compute costs by up to 70%. This technique works by first duplicating layers of a smaller pretrained model to form a larger model, and then further pretraining the result. Sign up here!

Andrew Ng

85,623 次观看 • 1 年前

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Andrew Ng

162,798 次观看 • 2 年前

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Andrew Ng

64,538 次观看 • 1 年前

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New course on serving LLMs efficiently -- how do you serve models to many concurrent users at low latency and reasonable cost? This short course is built with Red Hat and taught by Cedric Clyburn. Efficient LLM serving requires efficient memory management. A 70B-parameter model takes ~140 GB just to load the weights. On top of that, every active request needs its own chunk of GPU memory, the KV cache, to store the token context it has built up so far. In this course, you'll learn to reduce a model's memory footprint with quantization and serve it using vLLM, which handles many concurrent requests efficiently through smart memory management. Skills you'll gain: - Quantize a model and measure the accuracy tradeoff - Serve a model with vLLM and watch it handle concurrent requests efficiently - Benchmark your deployment and make informed tradeoffs between speed, cost, and accuracy Join and learn to serve LLMs efficiently:

Andrew Ng

112,086 次观看 • 19 天前

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New AI Agentic course! Learn to use LangGraph to build single and multi-agent LLM applications in AI Agents in LangGraph. This short course, taught by LangChain LangChain founder Harrison Chase Harrison Chase and Tavily founder @weiss_rotem, shows how to integrate agentic search to enhance an agent's knowledge with query-focused answers in predictable formats. Also learn to implement agentic memory to save state for reasoning and debugging, and see how human-in-the-loop input can guide agents at key junctures. You'll build an agent from scratch, then reconstruct it with LangGraph to thoroughly understand the framework. Finally, you'll build a sophisticated essay-writing agent that incorporates all the learnings from the course. Sign up here!

Andrew Ng

151,484 次观看 • 2 年前

Learn how to build an optimized LLM inference system from the ground up in our new short course, Efficiently Serving LLMs, built in collaboration with Predibase by Rubrik and taught by Travis Addair. Whether you're serving your own LLM or using a model hosting service, this course will give you a deep understanding of the optimizations required to efficiently serve many users at once. - Learn how LLMs generate text one token at a time, and how techniques like KV caching, continuous batching, and quantization speed things up and optimize memory usage for serving multiple users. - Benchmark the performance of these LLM optimizations to explore the trade-offs between quickly responding to an individual user’s request vs. serving many users at once. - Use techniques like low-rank adaptation (LoRA) to efficiently serve hundreds of unique, custom fine-tuned models on a single device, without sacrificing throughput. - Use Predibase's LoRAX framework to see optimization techniques in action on a real LLM server. Sign up here:

Learn how to build an optimized LLM inference system from the ground up in our new short course, Efficiently Serving LLMs, built in collaboration with Predibase by Rubrik and taught by Travis Addair. Whether you're serving your own LLM or using a model hosting service, this course will give you a deep understanding of the optimizations required to efficiently serve many users at once. - Learn how LLMs generate text one token at a time, and how techniques like KV caching, continuous batching, and quantization speed things up and optimize memory usage for serving multiple users. - Benchmark the performance of these LLM optimizations to explore the trade-offs between quickly responding to an individual user’s request vs. serving many users at once. - Use techniques like low-rank adaptation (LoRA) to efficiently serve hundreds of unique, custom fine-tuned models on a single device, without sacrificing throughput. - Use Predibase's LoRAX framework to see optimization techniques in action on a real LLM server. Sign up here:

Andrew Ng

104,727 次观看 • 2 年前

New course: Build and Train an LLM with JAX, built in partnership with Google and taught by Chris Achard. JAX is the open-source library behind Google's Gemini, Veo, and other advanced models. This short course teaches you to build and train a 20-million parameter language model from scratch using JAX and its ecosystem of tools. You'll implement a complete MiniGPT-style architecture from scratch, train it, and chat with your finished model through a graphical interface. Skills you'll gain: - Learn JAX's core primitives: automatic differentiation, JIT compilation, and vectorized execution - Build a MiniGPT-style LLM using Flax/NNX, implementing embedding and transformer blocks - Load a pretrained MiniGPT model and run inference through a chat interface Come learn this important software layer for building LLMs!

New course: Build and Train an LLM with JAX, built in partnership with Google and taught by Chris Achard. JAX is the open-source library behind Google's Gemini, Veo, and other advanced models. This short course teaches you to build and train a 20-million parameter language model from scratch using JAX and its ecosystem of tools. You'll implement a complete MiniGPT-style architecture from scratch, train it, and chat with your finished model through a graphical interface. Skills you'll gain: - Learn JAX's core primitives: automatic differentiation, JIT compilation, and vectorized execution - Build a MiniGPT-style LLM using Flax/NNX, implementing embedding and transformer blocks - Load a pretrained MiniGPT model and run inference through a chat interface Come learn this important software layer for building LLMs!

Andrew Ng

190,889 次观看 • 3 个月前

New short course: DSPy: Build and Optimize Agentic Apps DSPy is a powerful open-source framework for automatically tuning prompts for GenAI applications. In this course, you'll learn to use DSPy, together with MLflow. This is built in partnership with Databricks and taught by Chen Qian, co-lead of the DSPy framework. Many AI builders spend hours hand-tuning prompts. When given a set of evals, DSPy automates this process. It’s especially useful for optimizing prompts, including few-shot prompts, in complex agentic AI workflows. Further, if you switch an application to a newer LLM, performance can degrade if your prompts were optimized to the previous model. DSPy automatically optimizes the entire system for the new LLM as well, using just a few evaluation examples. This course teaches DSPy works, and best practices for using it. You’ll write programs using DSPy’s signature-based programming model, debug them with MLflow tracing -- to gain visibility into how different parts of a pipeline, as well as how the overall system, are performing -- and automatically improve their accuracy with DSPy Optimizer. Please sign up here:

New short course: DSPy: Build and Optimize Agentic Apps DSPy is a powerful open-source framework for automatically tuning prompts for GenAI applications. In this course, you'll learn to use DSPy, together with MLflow. This is built in partnership with Databricks and taught by Chen Qian, co-lead of the DSPy framework. Many AI builders spend hours hand-tuning prompts. When given a set of evals, DSPy automates this process. It’s especially useful for optimizing prompts, including few-shot prompts, in complex agentic AI workflows. Further, if you switch an application to a newer LLM, performance can degrade if your prompts were optimized to the previous model. DSPy automatically optimizes the entire system for the new LLM as well, using just a few evaluation examples. This course teaches DSPy works, and best practices for using it. You’ll write programs using DSPy’s signature-based programming model, debug them with MLflow tracing -- to gain visibility into how different parts of a pipeline, as well as how the overall system, are performing -- and automatically improve their accuracy with DSPy Optimizer. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

181,457 次观看 • 1 年前

New course: Transformers in Practice. You'll get a practical view of how transformer-based LLMs work, so you can reason about their behavior, diagnose problems like slow inference, and make smarter decisions about deployment. This course is built in partnership with AMD and taught by Sharon Zhou. You'll see how transformers generate text one token at a time, how the model decides which earlier words matter most when predicting the next one, and how techniques like quantization speed up inference on GPUs. This is not a video-only course; interactive visualizations throughout let you play with these concepts and build intuition that sticks. Skills you'll gain: - Understand why LLMs hallucinate, and RAG and chain-of-thought shape what they generate - Look inside the model to see how attention and layers combine to predict the next token - Diagnose inference bottlenecks and learn the techniques that speed up transformers on GPUs Join and understand what's really happening inside your LLMs:

New course: Transformers in Practice. You'll get a practical view of how transformer-based LLMs work, so you can reason about their behavior, diagnose problems like slow inference, and make smarter decisions about deployment. This course is built in partnership with AMD and taught by Sharon Zhou. You'll see how transformers generate text one token at a time, how the model decides which earlier words matter most when predicting the next one, and how techniques like quantization speed up inference on GPUs. This is not a video-only course; interactive visualizations throughout let you play with these concepts and build intuition that sticks. Skills you'll gain: - Understand why LLMs hallucinate, and RAG and chain-of-thought shape what they generate - Look inside the model to see how attention and layers combine to predict the next token - Diagnose inference bottlenecks and learn the techniques that speed up transformers on GPUs Join and understand what's really happening inside your LLMs:

Andrew Ng

113,985 次观看 • 1 个月前