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New course: Transformers in Practice. You'll get a practical view of how transformer-based LLMs work, so you can reason about their behavior, diagnose problems like slow inference, and make smarter decisions about deployment. This course is built in partnership with AMD and taught by Sharon Zhou. You'll see how...

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Andrew Ng

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118,911 views • 2 months ago •via X (Twitter)

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LLMs can make sense of retrieved context because of how transformers work. In one of the lessons from the Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) course, we unpack how LLMs process augmented prompts using token embeddings, positional vectors, and multi-head attention. Understanding these internals helps you design more reliable and efficient RAG systems. Watch the breakdown and keep learning how to build production-ready RAG systems in this course, taught by Zain:
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LLMs can make sense of retrieved context because of how transformers work. In one of the lessons from the Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) course, we unpack how LLMs process augmented prompts using token embeddings, positional vectors, and multi-head attention. Understanding these internals helps you design more reliable and efficient RAG systems. Watch the breakdown and keep learning how to build production-ready RAG systems in this course, taught by Zain:

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New short course: Attention in Transformers: Concepts and Code in PyTorch. Last week we released a course on how LLM transformers work. This week, go deeper and learn about the technical ideas behind the attention mechanism, and see how to code it in PyTorch. This course is built with Joshua Starmer, Founder and CEO of StatQuest. The attention mechanism was a breakthrough that led to transformers, the architecture powering large language models like ChatGPT. Transformers, introduced in the 2017 paper: "Attention is All You Need" by Viswani and others, took off because of its highly scalable design. In this course, you’ll learn how the attention mechanism, a key element of transformer-based LLMs, works and implement it in PyTorch. You'll develop deep intuition about building reliable, functional, and scalable AI applications. What you will do: - Understand the evolution of the attention mechanism, a key breakthrough that led to transformers. - Learn the relationships between word embeddings, positional embeddings, and attention. - Learn about the Query, Key, and Value matrices, and how to produce and use them in attention. - Walk through the math required to calculate self-attention and masked self-attention to learn why and how they work. - Understand the difference between self-attention and masked self-attention and how one is used in the encoder to build context-aware embeddings and the other is used in the decoder for generative outputs. - Learn the details of the encoder-decoder architecture, cross-attention, and multi-head attention and how they are all incorporated into a transformer. - Use PyTorch to code a class that implements self-attention, masked self-attention, and multi-head attention. There're lots of exciting technical details in this course. Please sign up here:
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132,220 views • 1 year ago

Learn how to build an optimized LLM inference system from the ground up in our new short course, Efficiently Serving LLMs, built in collaboration with Predibase by Rubrik and taught by Travis Addair. Whether you're serving your own LLM or using a model hosting service, this course will give you a deep understanding of the optimizations required to efficiently serve many users at once. - Learn how LLMs generate text one token at a time, and how techniques like KV caching, continuous batching, and quantization speed things up and optimize memory usage for serving multiple users. - Benchmark the performance of these LLM optimizations to explore the trade-offs between quickly responding to an individual user’s request vs. serving many users at once. - Use techniques like low-rank adaptation (LoRA) to efficiently serve hundreds of unique, custom fine-tuned models on a single device, without sacrificing throughput. - Use Predibase's LoRAX framework to see optimization techniques in action on a real LLM server. Sign up here:
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Learn how to build an optimized LLM inference system from the ground up in our new short course, Efficiently Serving LLMs, built in collaboration with Predibase by Rubrik and taught by Travis Addair. Whether you're serving your own LLM or using a model hosting service, this course will give you a deep understanding of the optimizations required to efficiently serve many users at once. - Learn how LLMs generate text one token at a time, and how techniques like KV caching, continuous batching, and quantization speed things up and optimize memory usage for serving multiple users. - Benchmark the performance of these LLM optimizations to explore the trade-offs between quickly responding to an individual user’s request vs. serving many users at once. - Use techniques like low-rank adaptation (LoRA) to efficiently serve hundreds of unique, custom fine-tuned models on a single device, without sacrificing throughput. - Use Predibase's LoRAX framework to see optimization techniques in action on a real LLM server. Sign up here:

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104,727 views • 2 years ago

New course! Generative AI with Large Language Models, created with Amazon Web Services and hosted on Coursera. This course goes deep into the technical foundations of LLMs and how to use them. You can sign up here: You’ll work through the full life-cycle of a generative AI project, and learn specific techniques like RLHF; zero-shot, one-shot, and few-shot learning with LLMs; advanced prompting frameworks like ReAct; even fine-tuning LLMs, and gain hands-on practice with all of these techniques. Instructors Antje Barth Chris Fregly Shelbee Eigenbrode and Mike G Chambers all do incredible Generative AI work at AWS, and have supported many companies to build creative LLM applications. They bring tremendous practical LLM expertise to this course. I'm confident you’ll finish this course with a deeper understanding of how LLMs work, and how to use them. I hope you enjoy the course!
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467,903 views • 3 years ago

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New course on serving LLMs efficiently -- how do you serve models to many concurrent users at low latency and reasonable cost? This short course is built with Red Hat and taught by Cedric Clyburn. Efficient LLM serving requires efficient memory management. A 70B-parameter model takes ~140 GB just to load the weights. On top of that, every active request needs its own chunk of GPU memory, the KV cache, to store the token context it has built up so far. In this course, you'll learn to reduce a model's memory footprint with quantization and serve it using vLLM, which handles many concurrent requests efficiently through smart memory management. Skills you'll gain: - Quantize a model and measure the accuracy tradeoff - Serve a model with vLLM and watch it handle concurrent requests efficiently - Benchmark your deployment and make informed tradeoffs between speed, cost, and accuracy Join and learn to serve LLMs efficiently:

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124,185 views • 1 month ago

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36,832 views • 1 year ago

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New course: Build LLM applications that respond to user requests quickly by running on hardware designed for fast inference. This short course was built with Cerebras and taught by Zhenwei Gao, Seb Duerr, and Sarah Chieng. When a model generates text, much of the time is spent moving its weights out of memory and into the compute units. Inference-optimized hardware minimizes that movement, making token generation several times faster than on a typical GPU setup. In this course, the hardware you'll use is Cerebras' Wafer-Scale Engine, which is designed for fast inference by keeping the model's weights close to the compute units. Fast inference makes lengthy agentic workflows go faster, and also unlocks latency-sensitive, real-time applications like live translation and voice agents. Skills you'll gain: - Compare how GPUs, TPUs, and Cerebras' Wafer-Scale Engine each handle the memory-to-compute bottleneck - Build real-time applications powered by fast inference, including personalizing a webpage and running a multi-step workflow to analyze market signals - Adopt concrete habits for agentic coding with fast inference, keeping your sessions focused and steering the model more effectively My teams use Cerebras for several applications that are latency sensitive. Join and build LLM applications that respond quickly:

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123,880 views • 2 days ago

Announcing How Transformer LLMs Work, created with Jay Alammar and Maarten Grootendorst, co-authors of the beautifully illustrated book, “Hands-On Large Language Models.” This course offers a deep dive into the inner workings of the transformer architecture that powers large language models (LLMs). The transformer architecture revolutionized generative AI; in fact, the "GPT" in ChatGPT stands for "Generative Pre-Trained Transformer." Originally introduced in the Google Brain team's groundbreaking 2017 paper "Attention Is All You Need," by Vaswani and others, transformers were a highly scalable model for machine translation tasks. Variants of this architecture now power today’s LLMs such as those from OpenAI, Google, Meta, Cohere, Anthropic and DeepSeek. In this course, you’ll learn in detail how LLMs process text. You'll also work through code examples that illustrate that transformer's individual components. In details, you’ll learn: - How the representation of language has evolved, from Bag-of-Words to Word2Vec embeddings to the transformer architecture that captures a word's meanings taking into account the context of other words in the input. - How inputs are broken down into tokens before they are sent to the language model. - The details of a transformer's main stages: Tokenization and embedding, the stack of transformer blocks, and the language model head. - The inner workings of the transformer block, including attention, which calculates relevance scores, and the feedforward layer, which incorporates stored information learned in training. - How cached calculations make transformers faster. - Some of the most recent ideas in the latest models such as Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) which uses multiple sub-models and a router on each layer to improve the quality of LLMs. By the end of this course, you’ll have a deep understanding of how LLMs actually process text and be able to read through papers describing the latest models and understand the details. Gaining this intuition will improve your approach to building LLM applications. Please sign up here:
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Announcing How Transformer LLMs Work, created with Jay Alammar and Maarten Grootendorst, co-authors of the beautifully illustrated book, “Hands-On Large Language Models.” This course offers a deep dive into the inner workings of the transformer architecture that powers large language models (LLMs). The transformer architecture revolutionized generative AI; in fact, the "GPT" in ChatGPT stands for "Generative Pre-Trained Transformer." Originally introduced in the Google Brain team's groundbreaking 2017 paper "Attention Is All You Need," by Vaswani and others, transformers were a highly scalable model for machine translation tasks. Variants of this architecture now power today’s LLMs such as those from OpenAI, Google, Meta, Cohere, Anthropic and DeepSeek. In this course, you’ll learn in detail how LLMs process text. You'll also work through code examples that illustrate that transformer's individual components. In details, you’ll learn: - How the representation of language has evolved, from Bag-of-Words to Word2Vec embeddings to the transformer architecture that captures a word's meanings taking into account the context of other words in the input. - How inputs are broken down into tokens before they are sent to the language model. - The details of a transformer's main stages: Tokenization and embedding, the stack of transformer blocks, and the language model head. - The inner workings of the transformer block, including attention, which calculates relevance scores, and the feedforward layer, which incorporates stored information learned in training. - How cached calculations make transformers faster. - Some of the most recent ideas in the latest models such as Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) which uses multiple sub-models and a router on each layer to improve the quality of LLMs. By the end of this course, you’ll have a deep understanding of how LLMs actually process text and be able to read through papers describing the latest models and understand the details. Gaining this intuition will improve your approach to building LLM applications. Please sign up here:

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253,812 views • 1 year ago

An exciting new course: Fine-tuning and Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: Intro to Post-training, taught by Sharon Zhou, VP of AI at AMD. Available now at Post-training is the key technique used by frontier labs to turn a base LLM--a model trained on massive unlabeled text to predict the next word/token--into a helpful, reliable assistant that can follow instructions. I've also seen many applications where post-training is what turns a demo application that works only 80% of the time into a reliable system that consistently performs. This course will teach you the most important post-training techniques! In this 5 module course, Sharon walks you through the complete post-training pipeline: supervised fine-tuning, reward modeling, RLHF, and techniques like PPO and GRPO. You'll also learn to use LoRA for efficient training, and to design evals that catch problems before and after deployment. Skills you'll gain: - Apply supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning (RLHF, PPO, GRPO) to align models to desired behaviors - Use LoRA for efficient fine-tuning without retraining entire models - Prepare datasets and generate synthetic data for post-training - Understand how to operate LLM production pipelines, with go/no-go decision points and feedback loops These advanced methods aren’t limited to frontier AI labs anymore, and you can now use them in your own applications. Learn here:
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An exciting new course: Fine-tuning and Reinforcement Learning for LLMs: Intro to Post-training, taught by Sharon Zhou, VP of AI at AMD. Available now at Post-training is the key technique used by frontier labs to turn a base LLM--a model trained on massive unlabeled text to predict the next word/token--into a helpful, reliable assistant that can follow instructions. I've also seen many applications where post-training is what turns a demo application that works only 80% of the time into a reliable system that consistently performs. This course will teach you the most important post-training techniques! In this 5 module course, Sharon walks you through the complete post-training pipeline: supervised fine-tuning, reward modeling, RLHF, and techniques like PPO and GRPO. You'll also learn to use LoRA for efficient training, and to design evals that catch problems before and after deployment. Skills you'll gain: - Apply supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning (RLHF, PPO, GRPO) to align models to desired behaviors - Use LoRA for efficient fine-tuning without retraining entire models - Prepare datasets and generate synthetic data for post-training - Understand how to operate LLM production pipelines, with go/no-go decision points and feedback loops These advanced methods aren’t limited to frontier AI labs anymore, and you can now use them in your own applications. Learn here:

Andrew Ng

132,304 views • 8 months ago

New course: Build and Train an LLM with JAX, built in partnership with Google and taught by Chris Achard. JAX is the open-source library behind Google's Gemini, Veo, and other advanced models. This short course teaches you to build and train a 20-million parameter language model from scratch using JAX and its ecosystem of tools. You'll implement a complete MiniGPT-style architecture from scratch, train it, and chat with your finished model through a graphical interface. Skills you'll gain: - Learn JAX's core primitives: automatic differentiation, JIT compilation, and vectorized execution - Build a MiniGPT-style LLM using Flax/NNX, implementing embedding and transformer blocks - Load a pretrained MiniGPT model and run inference through a chat interface Come learn this important software layer for building LLMs!
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New course: Build and Train an LLM with JAX, built in partnership with Google and taught by Chris Achard. JAX is the open-source library behind Google's Gemini, Veo, and other advanced models. This short course teaches you to build and train a 20-million parameter language model from scratch using JAX and its ecosystem of tools. You'll implement a complete MiniGPT-style architecture from scratch, train it, and chat with your finished model through a graphical interface. Skills you'll gain: - Learn JAX's core primitives: automatic differentiation, JIT compilation, and vectorized execution - Build a MiniGPT-style LLM using Flax/NNX, implementing embedding and transformer blocks - Load a pretrained MiniGPT model and run inference through a chat interface Come learn this important software layer for building LLMs!

Andrew Ng

192,129 views • 4 months ago

New short course on Fine-tuning LLMs! Many developers are moving beyond only prompting, to also fine-tuning LLMs - that is, taking a pre-trained model and training it further on your own data, which can deliver superior results inexpensively. In this course, Sharon Zhou, CEO of Lamini (disclosure: I’m a minor shareholder) shows you how to recognize when fine-tuning can be help, and how to train an open-source LLM on your own data. I hope you enjoy the course!
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New short course on Fine-tuning LLMs! Many developers are moving beyond only prompting, to also fine-tuning LLMs - that is, taking a pre-trained model and training it further on your own data, which can deliver superior results inexpensively. In this course, Sharon Zhou, CEO of Lamini (disclosure: I’m a minor shareholder) shows you how to recognize when fine-tuning can be help, and how to train an open-source LLM on your own data. I hope you enjoy the course!

Andrew Ng

502,821 views • 2 years ago

LLMs can take gigabytes of memory to store, which limits what can be run on consumer hardware. But quantization can dramatically compress models, making a wider selection of models available to developers. You can often reduce model size by 4x or more while maintaining reasonable performance. In our new short course Quantization Fundamentals taught by Hugging Face's @younesbelkada and Marc Sun, you'll: - Learn how to quantize nearly any open source model - Use int8 and bfloat16 (Brain float 16) data types to load and run LLMs using PyTorch and the Hugging Face Transformers library - Dive into the technical details of linear quantization to map 32-bit floats to 8-bit integers As models get bigger and bigger, quantization becomes more important for making models practical and accessible. Please check out the course here:
2:50

LLMs can take gigabytes of memory to store, which limits what can be run on consumer hardware. But quantization can dramatically compress models, making a wider selection of models available to developers. You can often reduce model size by 4x or more while maintaining reasonable performance. In our new short course Quantization Fundamentals taught by Hugging Face's @younesbelkada and Marc Sun, you'll: - Learn how to quantize nearly any open source model - Use int8 and bfloat16 (Brain float 16) data types to load and run LLMs using PyTorch and the Hugging Face Transformers library - Dive into the technical details of linear quantization to map 32-bit floats to 8-bit integers As models get bigger and bigger, quantization becomes more important for making models practical and accessible. Please check out the course here:

Andrew Ng

288,284 views • 2 years ago

New short course: Build Long-Context AI Apps with Jamba. Learn about state space models (SSMs), which have emerged as an alternative to transformers! Specifically, Jamba is a hybrid transformer-Mamba architecture that combines strengths of the transformer with ideas from SSMs. This course is built with AI21 Labs and taught by Chen Wang and Chen Almagor. The transformer architecture is computationally expensive when handling very long input contexts. But there's an alternative called Mamba, a selective state space model that can process very long contexts with a much lower computational cost. However, researchers found that the pure Mamba architecture underperforms in understanding the context, and gives lower-quality responses. To overcome this, AI21 developed the Jamba model, which combines Mamba's computational efficiency with the transformer's attention mechanism to help with the output quality. In this course, you’ll learn about how state space models, and Jamba, work. You’ll also learn how to prompt Jamba, use it to process long documents, and build long-context RAG apps. - Learn how Jamba combines transformer and state space model architectures to achieve high performance and quality - Use the AI21 SDK, with an example of prompting over a large 200k-token annual financial report of Nvidia - Use Jamba for tool-calling, with hands-on examples from calling simple arithmetic calculations to a function that returns quarterly company financial reports. - Learn how training for long context is done, and the metrics used for its evaluation - Create a RAG app using the AI21 Conversational RAG tool and build your own RAG pipeline that uses Jamba and LangChain. By the end of this course, you'll learn how to build applications that can handle context as long as an entire book. Please sign up here:
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New short course: Build Long-Context AI Apps with Jamba. Learn about state space models (SSMs), which have emerged as an alternative to transformers! Specifically, Jamba is a hybrid transformer-Mamba architecture that combines strengths of the transformer with ideas from SSMs. This course is built with AI21 Labs and taught by Chen Wang and Chen Almagor. The transformer architecture is computationally expensive when handling very long input contexts. But there's an alternative called Mamba, a selective state space model that can process very long contexts with a much lower computational cost. However, researchers found that the pure Mamba architecture underperforms in understanding the context, and gives lower-quality responses. To overcome this, AI21 developed the Jamba model, which combines Mamba's computational efficiency with the transformer's attention mechanism to help with the output quality. In this course, you’ll learn about how state space models, and Jamba, work. You’ll also learn how to prompt Jamba, use it to process long documents, and build long-context RAG apps. - Learn how Jamba combines transformer and state space model architectures to achieve high performance and quality - Use the AI21 SDK, with an example of prompting over a large 200k-token annual financial report of Nvidia - Use Jamba for tool-calling, with hands-on examples from calling simple arithmetic calculations to a function that returns quarterly company financial reports. - Learn how training for long context is done, and the metrics used for its evaluation - Create a RAG app using the AI21 Conversational RAG tool and build your own RAG pipeline that uses Jamba and LangChain. By the end of this course, you'll learn how to build applications that can handle context as long as an entire book. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

77,792 views • 1 year ago

New short course on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback! RLHF is one of the key techniques that led to the rise of modern LLMs. It is used to align LLMs with human preferences, to make them more honest, helpful and harmless, by (i) learning a reward function that mimics human preferences, as expressed in human-provided labels, then, (ii) tuning an LLM to generate outputs that receive a high reward. In this course, taught by Nikita Namjoshi, Developer Advocate for GenAI at Google Cloud, you'll learn the details of how RLHF works, including how to apply it to tune an LLM for your own applications. You'll also use an open source library to tune a base LLM to align with human preferences expressed in a training set, and evaluate the tuned model by comparing its responses before and after RLHF-tuning. Please sign up here!
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New short course on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback! RLHF is one of the key techniques that led to the rise of modern LLMs. It is used to align LLMs with human preferences, to make them more honest, helpful and harmless, by (i) learning a reward function that mimics human preferences, as expressed in human-provided labels, then, (ii) tuning an LLM to generate outputs that receive a high reward. In this course, taught by Nikita Namjoshi, Developer Advocate for GenAI at Google Cloud, you'll learn the details of how RLHF works, including how to apply it to tune an LLM for your own applications. You'll also use an open source library to tune a base LLM to align with human preferences expressed in a training set, and evaluate the tuned model by comparing its responses before and after RLHF-tuning. Please sign up here!

Andrew Ng

205,537 views • 2 years ago

New course: Efficient Inference with SGLang: Text and Image Generation, built in partnership with LMSys LMSYS Org and RadixArk RadixArk, and taught by Richard Chen Richard Chen, a Member of Technical Staff at RadixArk. Running LLMs in production is expensive, and much of that cost comes from redundant computation. This short course teaches you to eliminate that waste using SGLang, an open-source inference framework that caches computation already done and reuses it across future requests. When ten users share the same system prompt, SGLang processes it once, not ten times. The speedups compound quickly, especially when there's a lot of shared context across requests. Skills you'll gain: - Implement a KV cache from scratch to eliminate redundant computation within a single request - Scale caching across users and requests with RadixAttention, so shared context is only processed once - Accelerate image generation with diffusion models using SGLang's caching and multi-GPU parallelism Join and learn to make LLM inference faster and more cost-efficient at scale!
1:51

New course: Efficient Inference with SGLang: Text and Image Generation, built in partnership with LMSys LMSYS Org and RadixArk RadixArk, and taught by Richard Chen Richard Chen, a Member of Technical Staff at RadixArk. Running LLMs in production is expensive, and much of that cost comes from redundant computation. This short course teaches you to eliminate that waste using SGLang, an open-source inference framework that caches computation already done and reuses it across future requests. When ten users share the same system prompt, SGLang processes it once, not ten times. The speedups compound quickly, especially when there's a lot of shared context across requests. Skills you'll gain: - Implement a KV cache from scratch to eliminate redundant computation within a single request - Scale caching across users and requests with RadixAttention, so shared context is only processed once - Accelerate image generation with diffusion models using SGLang's caching and multi-GPU parallelism Join and learn to make LLM inference faster and more cost-efficient at scale!

Andrew Ng

99,125 views • 3 months ago

Announcing a new Coursera course: Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) You'll learn to build high performance, production-ready RAG systems in this hands-on, in-depth course created by and taught by Zain, experienced AI and ML engineer, researcher, and educator. RAG is a critical component today of many LLM-based applications in customer support, internal company Q&A systems, even many of the leading chatbots that use web search to answer your questions. This course teaches you in-depth how to make RAG work well. LLMs can produce generic or outdated responses, especially when asked specialized questions not covered in its training data. RAG is the most widely used technique for addressing this. It brings in data from new data sources, such as internal documents or recent news, to give the LLM the relevant context to private, recent, or specialized information. This lets it generate more grounded and accurate responses. In this course, you’ll learn to design and implement every part of a RAG system, from retrievers to vector databases to generation to evals. You’ll learn about the fundamental principles behind RAG and how to optimize it at both the component and whole-system levels. As AI evolves, RAG is evolving too. New models can handle longer context windows, reason more effectively, and can be parts of complex agentic workflows. One exciting growth area is Agentic RAG, in which an AI agent at runtime (rather than it being hardcoded at development time) autonomously decides what data to retrieve, and when/how to go deeper. Even with this evolution, access to high-quality data at runtime is essential, which is why RAG is a key part of so many applications. You'll learn via hands-on experiences to: - Build a RAG system with retrieval and prompt augmentation - Compare retrieval methods like BM25, semantic search, and Reciprocal Rank Fusion - Chunk, index, and retrieve documents using a Weaviate vector database and a news dataset - Develop a chatbot, using open-source LLMs hosted by Together AI, for a fictional store that answers product and FAQ questions - Use evals to drive improving reliability, and incorporate multi-modal data RAG is an important foundational technique. Become good at it through this course! Please sign up here:
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Announcing a new Coursera course: Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) You'll learn to build high performance, production-ready RAG systems in this hands-on, in-depth course created by and taught by Zain, experienced AI and ML engineer, researcher, and educator. RAG is a critical component today of many LLM-based applications in customer support, internal company Q&A systems, even many of the leading chatbots that use web search to answer your questions. This course teaches you in-depth how to make RAG work well. LLMs can produce generic or outdated responses, especially when asked specialized questions not covered in its training data. RAG is the most widely used technique for addressing this. It brings in data from new data sources, such as internal documents or recent news, to give the LLM the relevant context to private, recent, or specialized information. This lets it generate more grounded and accurate responses. In this course, you’ll learn to design and implement every part of a RAG system, from retrievers to vector databases to generation to evals. You’ll learn about the fundamental principles behind RAG and how to optimize it at both the component and whole-system levels. As AI evolves, RAG is evolving too. New models can handle longer context windows, reason more effectively, and can be parts of complex agentic workflows. One exciting growth area is Agentic RAG, in which an AI agent at runtime (rather than it being hardcoded at development time) autonomously decides what data to retrieve, and when/how to go deeper. Even with this evolution, access to high-quality data at runtime is essential, which is why RAG is a key part of so many applications. You'll learn via hands-on experiences to: - Build a RAG system with retrieval and prompt augmentation - Compare retrieval methods like BM25, semantic search, and Reciprocal Rank Fusion - Chunk, index, and retrieve documents using a Weaviate vector database and a news dataset - Develop a chatbot, using open-source LLMs hosted by Together AI, for a fictional store that answers product and FAQ questions - Use evals to drive improving reliability, and incorporate multi-modal data RAG is an important foundational technique. Become good at it through this course! Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

124,458 views • 1 year ago

Tokenization -- turning text into a sequence of integers -- is a key part of generative AI, and most API providers charge per million tokens. How does tokenization work? Learn the details of tokenization and RAG optimization in Retrieval Optimization: From Tokenization to Vector Quantization, created in collaboration with Qdrant and taught by its Developer Relations Lead, Kacper Łukawski. This course focuses on Retrieval augmented generation (RAG), which has two steps: First, a retriever finds relevant information; then, the generator uses what’s retrieved as context to produce a response. You’ll learn to optimize the first step (the retriever) by understanding how tokenization works and how it impacts the relevance of your search. In addition, you will also learn to measure and improve retrieval quality, speed, and memory. In detail, you’ll: - Learn about the internal workings of the embedding models and how your text turns into vectors. - Understand how several tokenizers, such as Byte-Pair Encoding, WordPiece, Unigram, and SentencePiece work. - Explore common challenges with tokenizers, such as unknown tokens, domain-specific identifiers, and numerical values, that can negatively affect your vector search. - Understand how to measure the quality of your search across relevance, ranking, and score-related metrics. - Understand how the main parameters in "HNSW", a graph-based algorithm, affect the relevance and speed of vector search, and how to tune its parameters. - Experiment with the three major quantization methods – product, scalar, and binary – and learn how they impact memory requirements, search quality, and speed. By the end of this course, you’ll have a solid understanding of how tokenization functions and how to optimize vector search in your RAG systems. Please sign up here!
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Tokenization -- turning text into a sequence of integers -- is a key part of generative AI, and most API providers charge per million tokens. How does tokenization work? Learn the details of tokenization and RAG optimization in Retrieval Optimization: From Tokenization to Vector Quantization, created in collaboration with Qdrant and taught by its Developer Relations Lead, Kacper Łukawski. This course focuses on Retrieval augmented generation (RAG), which has two steps: First, a retriever finds relevant information; then, the generator uses what’s retrieved as context to produce a response. You’ll learn to optimize the first step (the retriever) by understanding how tokenization works and how it impacts the relevance of your search. In addition, you will also learn to measure and improve retrieval quality, speed, and memory. In detail, you’ll: - Learn about the internal workings of the embedding models and how your text turns into vectors. - Understand how several tokenizers, such as Byte-Pair Encoding, WordPiece, Unigram, and SentencePiece work. - Explore common challenges with tokenizers, such as unknown tokens, domain-specific identifiers, and numerical values, that can negatively affect your vector search. - Understand how to measure the quality of your search across relevance, ranking, and score-related metrics. - Understand how the main parameters in "HNSW", a graph-based algorithm, affect the relevance and speed of vector search, and how to tune its parameters. - Experiment with the three major quantization methods – product, scalar, and binary – and learn how they impact memory requirements, search quality, and speed. By the end of this course, you’ll have a solid understanding of how tokenization functions and how to optimize vector search in your RAG systems. Please sign up here!

Andrew Ng

146,313 views • 1 year ago

Announcing my new course: Agentic AI! Building AI agents is one of the most in-demand skills in the job market. This course, available now at teaches you how. You'll learn to implement four key agentic design patterns: - Reflection, in which an agent examines its own output and figures out how to improve it - Tool use, in which an LLM-driven application decides which functions to call to carry out web search, access calendars, send email, write code, etc. - Planning, where you'll use an LLM to decide how to break down a task into sub-tasks for execution, and - Multi-agent collaboration, in which you build multiple specialized agents — much like how a company might hire multiple employees — to perform a complex task You'll also learn to take a complex application and systematically decompose it into a sequence of tasks to implement using these design patterns. But here's what I think is the most important part of this course: Having worked with many teams on AI agents, I've found that the single biggest predictor of whether someone executes well is their ability to drive a disciplined process for evals and error analysis. In this course, you'll learn how to do this, so you can efficiently home in on which components to improve in a complex agentic workflow. Instead of guessing what to work on, you'll let evals data guide you. This will put you significantly ahead of the game compared to the vast majority of teams building agents. Together, we'll build a deep research agent that searches, synthesizes, and reports, using all of these agentic design patterns and best practices. This self-paced course is taught in a vendor neutral way, using raw Python - without hiding details in a framework. You'll see how each step works, and learn the core concepts that you can then implement using any popular agentic AI framework, or using no framework. The only prerequisite is familiarity with Python, though knowing a bit about LLMs helps. Come join me, and let's build some agentic AI systems! Sign up to get started:
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Announcing my new course: Agentic AI! Building AI agents is one of the most in-demand skills in the job market. This course, available now at teaches you how. You'll learn to implement four key agentic design patterns: - Reflection, in which an agent examines its own output and figures out how to improve it - Tool use, in which an LLM-driven application decides which functions to call to carry out web search, access calendars, send email, write code, etc. - Planning, where you'll use an LLM to decide how to break down a task into sub-tasks for execution, and - Multi-agent collaboration, in which you build multiple specialized agents — much like how a company might hire multiple employees — to perform a complex task You'll also learn to take a complex application and systematically decompose it into a sequence of tasks to implement using these design patterns. But here's what I think is the most important part of this course: Having worked with many teams on AI agents, I've found that the single biggest predictor of whether someone executes well is their ability to drive a disciplined process for evals and error analysis. In this course, you'll learn how to do this, so you can efficiently home in on which components to improve in a complex agentic workflow. Instead of guessing what to work on, you'll let evals data guide you. This will put you significantly ahead of the game compared to the vast majority of teams building agents. Together, we'll build a deep research agent that searches, synthesizes, and reports, using all of these agentic design patterns and best practices. This self-paced course is taught in a vendor neutral way, using raw Python - without hiding details in a framework. You'll see how each step works, and learn the core concepts that you can then implement using any popular agentic AI framework, or using no framework. The only prerequisite is familiarity with Python, though knowing a bit about LLMs helps. Come join me, and let's build some agentic AI systems! Sign up to get started:

Andrew Ng

886,324 views • 9 months ago

Building a reliable RAG system doesn’t stop at retrieval and generation, you need observability too. In the Retrieval Augmented Generation course, you'll explore how LLM observability platforms can help you: - Trace prompts through each step of the pipeline - Log and evaluate component behavior - Run experiments and monitor system performance over time The lesson uses Phoenix (by Arize) as an open-source example, but the techniques apply broadly, and you'll also learn where traditional tools like Grafana or Datadog fit in. 🧠 Learn how to monitor and improve your RAG systems in the full course:
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Building a reliable RAG system doesn’t stop at retrieval and generation, you need observability too. In the Retrieval Augmented Generation course, you'll explore how LLM observability platforms can help you: - Trace prompts through each step of the pipeline - Log and evaluate component behavior - Run experiments and monitor system performance over time The lesson uses Phoenix (by Arize) as an open-source example, but the techniques apply broadly, and you'll also learn where traditional tools like Grafana or Datadog fit in. 🧠 Learn how to monitor and improve your RAG systems in the full course:

DeepLearning.AI

14,702 views • 11 months ago