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Tokenization -- turning text into a sequence of integers -- is a key part of generative AI, and most API providers charge per million tokens. How does tokenization work? Learn the details of tokenization and RAG optimization in Retrieval Optimization: From Tokenization to Vector Quantization, created in collaboration with...

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Andrew Ng

1,666,862 subscribers

146,313 просмотров • 1 год назад •via X (Twitter)

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Комментарии: 10

Фото профиля Yu Yang
Yu Yang1 год назад

Thanks. will take this one when I get time. RAG with Chain- of -thoughts could provide amazing results!

Фото профиля Joey Ricard 💎
Joey Ricard 💎1 год назад

This looks pretty advanced, I dig it!

Фото профиля @yæl 🦋
@yæl 🦋1 год назад

Today llm sequence tomorrow real world assets. I’ll sign up. 🙏🏼

Фото профиля Akram Artul
Akram Artul1 год назад

Interestingly, the choice of tokenizer can influence model biases. Rare token splits may skew outputs subtly, affecting fairness in AI—a nuance often missed in tokenization discussions.

Фото профиля ℙ𝔸⚡𝕂𝕐
ℙ𝔸⚡𝕂𝕐1 год назад

Serious question: has anybody trained a LLM with a token vocabulary of simple chars? (most used UTF-8 Unicode chars) I know it would make latent space smaller, but… it could count how many r are in strawberry 😅 Is there any comparison of performance with multiple char tokens?

Фото профиля GPT.Biz
GPT.Biz1 год назад

This course looks super helpful if you're working with generative AI or RAG models, especially to understand tokenization and how it affects search quality

Фото профиля Data & Analytics
Data & Analytics1 год назад

@AndrewYNg Tokenization breaks down text into smaller units like words or subwords, transforming them into numerical format. This helps AI understand and generate information efficiently.

Фото профиля Dmitry Katson
Dmitry Katson1 год назад

Very good! Lucas is one of the best in the field. Great to learn from him!

Фото профиля on godot
on godot1 год назад

@bryan_johnson the background music was noticeably relaxing.

Фото профиля Marko Stokić
Marko Stokić1 год назад

Thanks! Really excited about the ReAct framework and how LLM agents can pay each other for services instead of having one model with tons of memory / tokens

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Andrew Ng

128,180 просмотров • 1 год назад

New Short Course: Getting Structured LLM Output! Learn how to get structured outputs from your LLM applications in this course, built in partnership with .txt, and taught by Will Kurt, a Founding Engineer, and , Developer Relations Engineer. It's challenging for software to automatically parse through an LLM's freeform text outputs. Structured outputs—like JSON—solve this by converting natural language into consistent, clear, data that a machine can read and process. This course teaches you how to generate structured outputs while building several use cases, including a social media analysis agent. You’ll learn about structured outputs and efficient ways to generate outputs in your defined schema or format. You’ll begin by using structured output APIs, then use re-prompting libraries like “instructor” to generate structured output. Finally, you’ll learn how constrained decoding works; this is a very clever technique in which constraints are applied on each subsequent token generated, blocking any tokens that don’t fit your defined schema. In detail, you’ll: - Learn why structured outputs are important, how they allow for scalable software development, and the different approaches to generate them, including vendor-provided APIs, re-prompting libraries, and structured generation. - Build a simple social media agent using OpenAI’s structured output API, learn how to define a model's desired structured output using Pydantic, and perform basic programming with your outputs, such as importing structured data into a data frame using pandas. - Learn how to use the open-source library "instructor," which checks the structured output of the model and re-prompts the model until it validates the desired output, and explore the limitations of this approach. - Understand how structured generation by the “outlines” library works by modifying LLM logits, on a per-generated-token basis based on the desired format, to give a particular output structure. - Learn how regular expressions, which outlines works with, are represented as finite-state machines, and how they can be used to develop a range of structured outputs beyond JSON. By the end of this course, you’ll have broadened your knowledge of the approaches you can use to get structured outputs from your LLM applications. Please sign up here:
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New Short Course: Getting Structured LLM Output! Learn how to get structured outputs from your LLM applications in this course, built in partnership with .txt, and taught by Will Kurt, a Founding Engineer, and , Developer Relations Engineer. It's challenging for software to automatically parse through an LLM's freeform text outputs. Structured outputs—like JSON—solve this by converting natural language into consistent, clear, data that a machine can read and process. This course teaches you how to generate structured outputs while building several use cases, including a social media analysis agent. You’ll learn about structured outputs and efficient ways to generate outputs in your defined schema or format. You’ll begin by using structured output APIs, then use re-prompting libraries like “instructor” to generate structured output. Finally, you’ll learn how constrained decoding works; this is a very clever technique in which constraints are applied on each subsequent token generated, blocking any tokens that don’t fit your defined schema. In detail, you’ll: - Learn why structured outputs are important, how they allow for scalable software development, and the different approaches to generate them, including vendor-provided APIs, re-prompting libraries, and structured generation. - Build a simple social media agent using OpenAI’s structured output API, learn how to define a model's desired structured output using Pydantic, and perform basic programming with your outputs, such as importing structured data into a data frame using pandas. - Learn how to use the open-source library "instructor," which checks the structured output of the model and re-prompts the model until it validates the desired output, and explore the limitations of this approach. - Understand how structured generation by the “outlines” library works by modifying LLM logits, on a per-generated-token basis based on the desired format, to give a particular output structure. - Learn how regular expressions, which outlines works with, are represented as finite-state machines, and how they can be used to develop a range of structured outputs beyond JSON. By the end of this course, you’ll have broadened your knowledge of the approaches you can use to get structured outputs from your LLM applications. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

89,792 просмотров • 1 год назад

I’m excited to announce a new course with DeepLearning.AI - Building Agentic RAG 💫 In this course, you’ll learn how to build a research assistant that can reason over multiple documents and answer complex questions. You’ll also learn how to step through the execution of the agent and steer it with human feedback. This represents a big step beyond any standard RAG pipeline, which is mostly good for simple questions over a small set of documents. Learn the layers first and then put them together: ✅ Routing ✅ Tool Use ✅ Multi-step reasoning with Memory ✅ Tool retrieval ✅ Debugging + user input Check it out!
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I’m excited to announce a new course with DeepLearning.AI - Building Agentic RAG 💫 In this course, you’ll learn how to build a research assistant that can reason over multiple documents and answer complex questions. You’ll also learn how to step through the execution of the agent and steer it with human feedback. This represents a big step beyond any standard RAG pipeline, which is mostly good for simple questions over a small set of documents. Learn the layers first and then put them together: ✅ Routing ✅ Tool Use ✅ Multi-step reasoning with Memory ✅ Tool retrieval ✅ Debugging + user input Check it out!

Jerry Liu

76,293 просмотров • 2 лет назад

New course to bring you up to state-of-the-art at using AI to help you code: Build Apps with Windsurf's AI Coding Agents, built in partnership with WIndsurf (Codeium) and taught by Anshul Ramachandran! AI-assisted IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) make developers’ workflows faster, more efficient, and much more fun. Agentic tools like Windsurf are more than just code autocomplete—they are collaborative coding agents that help you break down complex applications, iterate efficiently, and generate code that spans multiple files. Although a lot of coding assistants share the same underlying large language models for planning and reasoning, a major point of distinction is how they handle tools, keep track of context, and stay aligned with your intent as a developer. For instance, if you make modifications to a class definition in your code and make the same modifications to other classes in the same directory, you might tell the AI agent "Do the same thing in similar places in this directory." Here, tracking your intent means understanding that “the same thing" refers to that recent edit you just made, which must be followed by appropriate search and tool-calling to implement the changes. In this course, you'll learn the inner workings of coding agents, their strengths and limitations, and how to use Windsurf to quickly build several applications. In detail, you'll: - Build a mental model of how agents work by combining human-action tracking, tool integration, and context awareness to carry out an agentic coding workflow. - Learn the challenges of code search and discovery and how a multi-step retrieval approach helps coding agents address them. - Use Windsurf to analyze and understand a large, old codebase and update it to the latest versions of the frameworks and packages it uses. - Build a Wikipedia data analysis app that retrieves, parses, and analyzes word frequencies. - Enhance the performance of your Wikipedia analysis app by adding caching, and through this, also learn how to course-correct when the AI agent produces unexpected results. - Learn tips and tricks such as keyboard shortcuts, autocomplete, and @ mentions to quickly call on agentic capabilities. - Use image/multimodal capabilities of the AI agent to increase your development velocity; you'll see an example of uploading a mockup with sketched-out UI features, and ask the agent to use that to build new functionality to an app. By the end of this course, you’ll understand agentic coding in-depth and know how to use it to make your development process much faster, more efficient, and enjoyable. Please sign up here!
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New course to bring you up to state-of-the-art at using AI to help you code: Build Apps with Windsurf's AI Coding Agents, built in partnership with WIndsurf (Codeium) and taught by Anshul Ramachandran! AI-assisted IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) make developers’ workflows faster, more efficient, and much more fun. Agentic tools like Windsurf are more than just code autocomplete—they are collaborative coding agents that help you break down complex applications, iterate efficiently, and generate code that spans multiple files. Although a lot of coding assistants share the same underlying large language models for planning and reasoning, a major point of distinction is how they handle tools, keep track of context, and stay aligned with your intent as a developer. For instance, if you make modifications to a class definition in your code and make the same modifications to other classes in the same directory, you might tell the AI agent "Do the same thing in similar places in this directory." Here, tracking your intent means understanding that “the same thing" refers to that recent edit you just made, which must be followed by appropriate search and tool-calling to implement the changes. In this course, you'll learn the inner workings of coding agents, their strengths and limitations, and how to use Windsurf to quickly build several applications. In detail, you'll: - Build a mental model of how agents work by combining human-action tracking, tool integration, and context awareness to carry out an agentic coding workflow. - Learn the challenges of code search and discovery and how a multi-step retrieval approach helps coding agents address them. - Use Windsurf to analyze and understand a large, old codebase and update it to the latest versions of the frameworks and packages it uses. - Build a Wikipedia data analysis app that retrieves, parses, and analyzes word frequencies. - Enhance the performance of your Wikipedia analysis app by adding caching, and through this, also learn how to course-correct when the AI agent produces unexpected results. - Learn tips and tricks such as keyboard shortcuts, autocomplete, and @ mentions to quickly call on agentic capabilities. - Use image/multimodal capabilities of the AI agent to increase your development velocity; you'll see an example of uploading a mockup with sketched-out UI features, and ask the agent to use that to build new functionality to an app. By the end of this course, you’ll understand agentic coding in-depth and know how to use it to make your development process much faster, more efficient, and enjoyable. Please sign up here!

Andrew Ng

139,873 просмотров • 1 год назад

New short course: Attention in Transformers: Concepts and Code in PyTorch. Last week we released a course on how LLM transformers work. This week, go deeper and learn about the technical ideas behind the attention mechanism, and see how to code it in PyTorch. This course is built with Joshua Starmer, Founder and CEO of StatQuest. The attention mechanism was a breakthrough that led to transformers, the architecture powering large language models like ChatGPT. Transformers, introduced in the 2017 paper: "Attention is All You Need" by Viswani and others, took off because of its highly scalable design. In this course, you’ll learn how the attention mechanism, a key element of transformer-based LLMs, works and implement it in PyTorch. You'll develop deep intuition about building reliable, functional, and scalable AI applications. What you will do: - Understand the evolution of the attention mechanism, a key breakthrough that led to transformers. - Learn the relationships between word embeddings, positional embeddings, and attention. - Learn about the Query, Key, and Value matrices, and how to produce and use them in attention. - Walk through the math required to calculate self-attention and masked self-attention to learn why and how they work. - Understand the difference between self-attention and masked self-attention and how one is used in the encoder to build context-aware embeddings and the other is used in the decoder for generative outputs. - Learn the details of the encoder-decoder architecture, cross-attention, and multi-head attention and how they are all incorporated into a transformer. - Use PyTorch to code a class that implements self-attention, masked self-attention, and multi-head attention. There're lots of exciting technical details in this course. Please sign up here:
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New short course: Attention in Transformers: Concepts and Code in PyTorch. Last week we released a course on how LLM transformers work. This week, go deeper and learn about the technical ideas behind the attention mechanism, and see how to code it in PyTorch. This course is built with Joshua Starmer, Founder and CEO of StatQuest. The attention mechanism was a breakthrough that led to transformers, the architecture powering large language models like ChatGPT. Transformers, introduced in the 2017 paper: "Attention is All You Need" by Viswani and others, took off because of its highly scalable design. In this course, you’ll learn how the attention mechanism, a key element of transformer-based LLMs, works and implement it in PyTorch. You'll develop deep intuition about building reliable, functional, and scalable AI applications. What you will do: - Understand the evolution of the attention mechanism, a key breakthrough that led to transformers. - Learn the relationships between word embeddings, positional embeddings, and attention. - Learn about the Query, Key, and Value matrices, and how to produce and use them in attention. - Walk through the math required to calculate self-attention and masked self-attention to learn why and how they work. - Understand the difference between self-attention and masked self-attention and how one is used in the encoder to build context-aware embeddings and the other is used in the decoder for generative outputs. - Learn the details of the encoder-decoder architecture, cross-attention, and multi-head attention and how they are all incorporated into a transformer. - Use PyTorch to code a class that implements self-attention, masked self-attention, and multi-head attention. There're lots of exciting technical details in this course. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

132,285 просмотров • 1 год назад

Production-ready RAG systems need observability. From tracking latency and throughput to evaluating response quality with human feedback or LLM-as-a-judge, robust observability gives you visibility into both system performance and output quality, on both a component and system-wide level. This lesson from our Retrieval Augmented Generation course breaks down the core components of an effective eval system and how to balance cost, automation, and accuracy when choosing your metrics. 📚 Learn more in the full course:
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Production-ready RAG systems need observability. From tracking latency and throughput to evaluating response quality with human feedback or LLM-as-a-judge, robust observability gives you visibility into both system performance and output quality, on both a component and system-wide level. This lesson from our Retrieval Augmented Generation course breaks down the core components of an effective eval system and how to balance cost, automation, and accuracy when choosing your metrics. 📚 Learn more in the full course:

DeepLearning.AI

18,793 просмотров • 7 месяцев назад