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One cell. Two new beginnings. Before a cell divides, it first copies its DNA. Then, during mitosis, the chromosomes condense, align at the cell's center, separate toward opposite sides, and form two new nuclei. Finally, cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two genetically identical daughter cells. This microscopic process allows...

21,625 просмотров • 1 месяц назад •via X (Twitter)

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A single E. coli cell, placed on a dish, will become 70 billion cells in just 12 hours. That’s exponential growth. But a new preprint shows that it's possible to engineer E. coli to grow linearly instead, where only one daughter cell continues dividing and the other stops. First, some context. In nature, there is a bacterium called Mycobacterium smegmatis (initially discovered in 1884 in ulcers scraped from syphilis patients.) M. smegmatis is weird because it divides asymmetrically. These cells grow only from one end, and all their cell wall biosynthesis machinery is located on that one end. So when the cell divides, one daughter gets this machinery and the other gets nothing. The daughter that gets the machinery can keep dividing immediately, but the other daughter has to remake all that machinery from scratch, so its growth is delayed. E. coli doesn’t grow like this. When it divides, it pinches in the middle and splits everything evenly. Enzymes, metabolites, and proteins get partitioned more or less randomly between the two daughters. For the new preprint, though, researchers engineered E. coli to behave more like M. smegmatis. Here is how they did it: First, they deleted a gene called cyaA, which encodes an enzyme (adenylate cyclase) that makes a molecule called cAMP. cAMP is SUPER IMPORTANT! It is a nutrient sensor that instructs E. coli to switch on genes that help it digest non-glucose carbon sources when glucose is scarce. Without cAMP, E. coli cells growing on alternative carbon sources will starve; they won’t know how to eat the food. Next, they added back a “split” version of the cyaA gene into the cells. In other words, they split the gene in two so that each half of the enzyme is made separately. Cells can only make cAMP, and thus eat non-glucose carbon sources, if these two halves come together. To facilitate that “coming together,” the researchers also fused the split cyaA proteins to sticky proteins that clump together, and to a fluorescent protein (to make it easy to track these molecules in the cell.) So now some interesting things start to happen if you grow E. coli on a growth medium lacking glucose. As the cell grows, its cyaA “halves” start clumping together into a giant ball. Inside the aggregate, the two enzyme halves come together and make cAMP. And when the cell gets big enough and divides, the clump of cyaA RANDOMLY goes to either daughter cell #1 or #2. The daughter that gets the aggregate (called PA+ in this paper) can keep dividing. The daughter that doesn’t (PA–) cannot. It still grows a few times — about four divisions — because it inherits some leftover cAMP from its mother. But after that, the metabolite is diluted away, and the cell stops growing. PA+ cells went through about 23 divisions on average before their aggregate decayed. And the population of cells, as a whole, grew linearly. This paper is cool because there are many applications where exponential growth is too unpredictable and, perhaps, unsafe. If you want to engineer bacteria to deliver drugs, clean up waste, or live in the gut, you don’t want them to double uncontrollably. This paper shows you can make them expand in a controlled, linear way. Alas, mutations could break this whole engineered system. A mutation that restores cyaA, for example, would give cells a new way to make cAMP. Mutations that make the aggregates split between daughters would break the asymmetry, too. But still, I really enjoy proof-of-concept engineering papers like this.

Niko McCarty.

58,047 просмотров • 11 месяцев назад

MR. POOL WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS INSIDE YOUR BODY WHEN YOU LIE ON A MEDBED MAT? You don't feel it happening. But at a microscopic level, a massive biological shift is taking place. When you lie down on the MedBed Home Therapy Mat, three specific frequencies penetrate your skin, bypass your bones, and enter your cells. Here is exactly what happens in the next 20 minutes: MINUTE 1-5: THE MITOCHONDRIA REBOOT The 660nm Red Light hits the mitochondria (the engine of your cells). If your cells are damaged or aging, they are struggling to produce energy. The red light forces them to instantly produce ATP (pure cellular energy). Your cells wake up. MINUTE 5-10: THE INFLAMMATION PURGE The 850nm Near-Infrared light goes deeper. It penetrates up to 8mm into your tissue, reaching muscles, joints, and organs. It triggers the release of nitric oxide, which dilates your blood vessels. Blood flow surges. Deep-tissue inflammation is flushed out. MINUTE 10-20: THE VOLTAGE SPIKE The PEMF (Pulsed Electromagnetic Field) activates. Healthy cells operate at 70mV. Sick, inflamed cells operate at 20mV. The PEMF recharges the electrical membrane of every cell in your body, spiking the voltage back to 70mV. At 70mV, your body stops surviving and starts regenerating. You don't swallow a pill. You don't inject a chemical. You just give your body the exact frequencies it needs to repair itself. Day 1: Sleep architecture deepens. Day 7: Joint stiffness and brain fog begin to clear. Day 14: Cellular regeneration is in full effect. Your body is a self-healing machine. It just lost its power source. Plug it back in. 📷📷📷 📷

VAL THOR

22,785 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

Some microbes carry a protein, called SNIPE, that "chops up" phage DNA as it's being injected into the cell. This is a new mechanism for phage defense! CRISPR–Cas and restriction enzymes also evolved to fight against phages, but they work by recognizing sequences. SNIPE works, instead, by sensing "touch." SNIPE is a protein with about 500 amino acids. After it's made by the ribosome, it latches onto ManYZ, two proteins which sit on the cell's inner membrane. (ManYZ is an importer; it brings mannose and other sugars into the cell.) Once attached to ManYZ, SNIPE sits and waits for an invading phage. Some phages, including lambda, actually infect cells by pushing their DNA through this ManYZ channel. Lambda uses its "tail" to reach inside the protein channel, basically, and inject its DNA. When this physical touch happens, though, SNIPE is waiting. As soon as the phage DNA starts entering the cell, and passes through ManYZ and SNIPE, it gets immediately destroyed. This means that SNIPE is the first phage defense system discovered, so far, that uses spatial positioning at the injection site to destroy invaders. But there are caveats, of course. If you untether SNIPE from ManYZ, such that it can freely diffuse through the cell, it will chew up the bacterium's genome. It is not a highly discerning nuclease! Also, SNIPE is not found in most bacteria. A prior pangenome study, which sequenced lots of different microbes, found that roughly a third of well-studied bacterial lineages had at least one member with a SNIPE-like protein. (For this paper, they just ported one of those homologs into an E. coli laboratory strain.) And finally, because SNIPE's mechanism is tightly tied to ManYZ, it cannot be used to defend against phages that enter the cell through different routes. T4 phages, for example, inject their DNA straight through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm, without interacting with ManYZ. This is a nice basic science paper. Applications TBD. (Just remember that scientists figured out that bacteria had a phage defense system, called CRISPR-Cas, many years before it was repurposed into a gene-editing tool.) P.S. The video below shows how cells with the SNIPE gene (middle row) kill invading phages, and thus continue growing and dividing. Empty vector (top row) refers to bacteria carrying a plasmid with no SNIPE gene; this is a control group. And SNIPE E414A refers to cells which received a mutated SNIPE gene, where the glutamate at position 414 has been changed to an alanine, thus destroying the protein's nuclease activity. These cells also die when they get infected with a phage.

Niko McCarty.

20,536 просмотров • 5 месяцев назад

🚨 Scientists discover wisdom teeth contain stem cells capable of repairing the heart, brain, and bones. Wisdom teeth contain dental pulp, a soft connective tissue threaded with blood vessels and nerves. Inside that pulp lives a dense population of mesenchymal stem cells, a class of undifferentiated cells that researchers classify as among the most therapeutically valuable biological material a human body produces. These are not ordinary cells maintaining routine tissue. They are blueprint cells, capable of receiving chemical signals from damaged environments and reshaping themselves into whatever the body needs most, neurons, cardiomyocytes, osteoblasts, even hepatic cells under the right conditions. The brain operates under a brutal rule: most of its neurons do not regenerate after damage. A stroke, a traumatic injury, a neurodegenerative disease removes cells the brain cannot replace through normal biological processes. Researchers have spent decades attempting to solve this through synthetic means, engineered cell therapies, growth factor injections, gene editing approaches that cost extraordinary resources and produce inconsistent results. What dental pulp stem cells demonstrated in laboratory conditions is that they can migrate toward neural damage sites, integrate with existing tissue architecture, and begin producing neurons and glial support cells. The mechanism involves neurotrophic factor secretion, essentially the cells releasing signaling proteins that stimulate the surrounding neural environment to repair itself from within. Cardiac muscle operates under a similarly unforgiving rule. After a heart attack, the dead muscle tissue becomes fibrotic scar material. The heart compensates by making surviving muscle work harder, a process that gradually leads to enlargement, weakening, and eventual failure. Dental pulp stem cells introduced into cardiac tissue in multiple studies produced measurable reductions in scar formation and demonstrated the ability to differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes, beating in synchrony with native heart cells. Some studies recorded improved ejection fraction in animal models, the core measurement of how effectively the heart pumps blood. Bone regeneration represents the most clinically advanced application already moving toward human trials. Dental pulp stem cells express high levels of osteogenic markers and respond rapidly to bone morphogenetic proteins, the chemical messengers that trigger skeletal repair. Their application in craniofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and long bone defect repair is being studied across multiple institutions simultaneously. What separates these cells from other stem cell sources is the combination of accessibility and biological youth. Bone marrow aspiration requires sedation and produces significant post procedure pain. Umbilical cord blood requires planning around birth. Wisdom teeth emerge between 17 and 25, during peak cellular vitality, and come out during a procedure most people already schedule. The extraction window is permanent. Once the teeth are gone and the pulp degrades, that specific population of young, highly potent cells is irretrievable from that individual. Cryogenic preservation protocols now exist that maintain dental pulp stem cell viability for over two decades. Several countries have commercial dental stem cell banks operating with the same institutional model as cord blood banking, long term frozen storage, indexed against future therapeutic need. The science supporting the value of preservation is no longer speculative. What lags behind is public awareness and clinical infrastructure in markets where this remains obscure. The wider pattern is worth recognizing. Medicine has repeatedly discovered that profound biological tools were present in tissues it previously categorized as vestigial, unnecessary, or inconvenient. The appendix was considered evolutionary junk for over a century before researchers identified its role in gut microbiome preservation. Wisdom teeth carried the same dismissal, a developmental relic from ancestors who needed extra molars for coarse diets, relevant only in their capacity to cause orthodontic problems. The pulp inside them was never junk. It was a repair system the body built during youth and stored in one of the most protected anatomical locations, surrounded by enamel, the hardest substance the human body produces. Evolution rarely wastes that kind of architecture.

The Curious Tales

24,267 просмотров • 4 месяцев назад

Today I received my 4th infusion of SGF (Stem Cell Growth Factors) at Edogawa Hospital in Tokyo, Japan. What is SGF? 🦷 SGF is derived from the dental pulp of children's naturally shed baby teeth. No stem cells are injected. Instead, the infusion contains the signaling molecules, growth factors, cytokines, and regenerative proteins that stem cells naturally produce. These biological messengers help coordinate communication between cells and are believed to support tissue repair, immune regulation, blood vessel health, and nerve regeneration. These growth factors are small enough to cross the blood brain barrier and reach the brain and nervous system directly. For someone like me with confirmed neuroinflammation, white matter atrophy, and small fiber neuropathy destroying my nerves from the inside out, the goal is remyelination. Rebuilding the insulation around my damaged nerve fibers.💯 Researchers have studied SHED (Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth) for their regenerative potential in areas such as nerve repair, neuroinflammation, tissue healing, and age-related degeneration. Some people have nicknamed therapies like this the "Fountain of Youth" because the goal is not to replace damaged tissue, but to activate the body's own repair and regeneration pathways. Whether that nickname is deserved remains to be seen, but the science behind cellular signaling and regeneration is fascinating. Japan has become a global leader in regenerative medicine and allows access to therapies that are not currently available in the United States under its regenerative medicine framework. As Patient #27 in the McCairn–Edogawa Protocol, I am grateful to have the opportunity to experience this emerging science firsthand. 🧬🦷🇯🇵 #SGF #SHED #RegenerativeMedicine #StemCellScience #Neuroinflammation #SmallFiberNeuropathy #EdogawaHospital #Tokyo #MedicalInnovation

Heather C

28,961 просмотров • 2 месяцев назад

RULE #6 OF THE PRIMAL DIET Do not eat rock salt. Salt is a rock, and our body cannot process rocks. It has a toxic effect, different from the sodium found as a nutrient in plant or animal foods. Water dissolves rocks, and plants eat rocks, then animals eat plants, and we eat the plants or animals. This for us is food, the minerals are made into nutrients, becoming bio-available. Rock salt is very different from the sodium found in food. According to Aajonus, rock salt is an explosive: "I just want to make sure that you understand salt is dangerous. Salt is an explosive. It is more volatile than nitroglycerin. If you had a pure cake of sodium as big as a football it would take out all of New York City. Just like a 200 ton hydrogen bomb could take out New York City and all of its buildings. So [...] the government, the military gave General Electric 2 billion dollars to make a weapon, out of salt. My father worked on the project for 6 years. It was so untenable they could not make it into a bomb, thank God. Because one and a half degree temperature change a completely isolated sodium could set it off. So they could never temper it, never break it down and ulitize it." — Aajonus Rock salt is a mineral formed from sodium chloride (NaCl). When eating rock salt, during digestion, the sodium is separated from the chloride, so the sodium ion becomes isolated. Isolated sodium is more volatile than nitroglycerin, this is when it becomes an explosive. So during digestion and after, this isolated sodium creates micro-explosions in the blood, destroying other nutrients and killing cells. Aajonus describes in detail what is happening on a cellular level: "When the cell eats normally, there’s a whole network – smorgasbord of nutrients – anywhere from 97 to 117 nutrients…all your vitamins…all your minerals, fats …all the 60 varieties of cholesterol that can be formed …all the different proteins – pyruvates – all 22 amino acids. Everything is in this smorgasbord. When a cell eats, it gets the whole dose and it’s completely nutrified. When salt is eaten, it causes explosions of these nutrients so you may only get 27 or 57 of these nutrients into a cell at once. So every cell becomes deficient any time you use salt with a meal. Not only that, it dehydrates cells." Additionally, when the isolated sodium doesn't explode right away, it can draw other isolated sodium ions to itself, creating sodium clusters, and the magnetism of them can rip off the guts of cells. This makes using rock salt the second worst thing next to cooking in standard diet practices. "One million red blood cells are destroyed by one little grain of salt.", claims Aajonus. Of course, this is not noticeable right away, but long term, it creates significant damage. When part of raw foods, even during digestion, sodium is always bound to other nutrients, they are always connected on a chemical level, it doesn't get isolated and therefore doesn't have this damaging effect. This is why it is key to get sodium from food only. The body detoxifies the unusable, isolated, form of sodium by sweating it out when possible (the body is throwing it off, don't put it back in). Salt also ends up getting stored like most toxins that the body cannot process because they are in excess, which can lead to headaches when it finally gets detoxified. People who have been eating raw and salt-free for many years will often have an immediate reaction when eating salt: Aajonus explains that is what a healthy body does, it has the resources to immediately repeal a toxin instead of "giving up" and storing it somewhere in its tissues, getting more damaged from it. Rock salt also starts tasting too strong, which people report when eating salted cheese after having only eaten raw unsalted cheese for a while. What about salt licks? First of all, herbivores do this, not carnivores. What about sodium needs, and salt cravings? Needs are not the same with raw and cooked foods, but in either case, you get enough sodium from eating raw foods, there is plenty in raw milk, raw celery juice, raw tomatoes, and raw oysters. At least one or two of these foods can easily be added daily to anyone's diet. "Celery contains lots of sodium. The blood is very high like the ocean in sodium, Celery meets that almost perfectly without causing the clumping of the sodium molecules that rock salt does. Salt will destroy red blood cells very quickly, numbs nerves, burns them, ages prematurely inside even without noticing it, until it hits all of a sudden." — Aajonus Note: This is about eating salt. When used in bath, salt doesn't penetrate through the skin, and draws toxins out. It can still be drying and people without moisturized skin could get skin irritation from it.

The Primal Diet by Aajonus Vonderplanitz

18,211 просмотров • 2 лет назад