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Tissue clearing of bones + 3D light-sheet imaging combined with high-dimensional spatial profiling reveals how CML rewires the bone marrow microenvironment in region-specific ways, far beyond simple changes in cell counts. Bettina Weigelin and Christian M. Schürch teams. #DISCO #clearing #3Dimaging #lightsheet #bone

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Ali Max Erturk

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22,772 次观看 • 5 个月前 •via X (Twitter)

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From 3D imaging to therapy Using our DISCO tissue clearing and whole organ 3D imaging platform, we revealed skull to meninges microchannels connecting calvarial bone marrow with the brain borders in mice (Cai...Ertürk, Nature Neuroscience,2018, We then extended this biology to humans, discovering distinct skull bone marrow programs and structural skull meninges connections in health and neurological disease (Kolabas...Ertürk, Cell, 2023). Now, a new study reports a first therapeutic application of this route: intracalvariosseous (calvarial) injection of drug loaded albumin nanoparticles to “hijack” calvarial immune cells, which then migrate via skull meninges microchannels to CNS lesions, bypassing the blood brain barrier and improving outcomes in stroke models, with encouraging clinical feasibility data (Gao et al., Cell, 2026) We are proud that DISCO enabled biology that is now turning into concrete therapeutic strategies for devastating neurological diseases. More to come. #DISCO #TissueClearing #Neuroimmunology #Stroke #Nanomedicine #DrugDelivery #BBB #CNS Refs (for linking in comments): Cai et al. Nat Neuroscience, Kolabas et al. Cell 2023, the video from Gao et al. Cell 2026 (online Jan 16, 2026).
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From 3D imaging to therapy Using our DISCO tissue clearing and whole organ 3D imaging platform, we revealed skull to meninges microchannels connecting calvarial bone marrow with the brain borders in mice (Cai...Ertürk, Nature Neuroscience,2018, We then extended this biology to humans, discovering distinct skull bone marrow programs and structural skull meninges connections in health and neurological disease (Kolabas...Ertürk, Cell, 2023). Now, a new study reports a first therapeutic application of this route: intracalvariosseous (calvarial) injection of drug loaded albumin nanoparticles to “hijack” calvarial immune cells, which then migrate via skull meninges microchannels to CNS lesions, bypassing the blood brain barrier and improving outcomes in stroke models, with encouraging clinical feasibility data (Gao et al., Cell, 2026) We are proud that DISCO enabled biology that is now turning into concrete therapeutic strategies for devastating neurological diseases. More to come. #DISCO #TissueClearing #Neuroimmunology #Stroke #Nanomedicine #DrugDelivery #BBB #CNS Refs (for linking in comments): Cai et al. Nat Neuroscience, Kolabas et al. Cell 2023, the video from Gao et al. Cell 2026 (online Jan 16, 2026).

Ali Max Erturk

15,890 次观看 • 5 个月前

🚀 We’re hiring! Staff Scientist / Postdoc – Tissue Clearing & 3D Image Analysis (m/f/d) (LMU Munich) Are you a great fit, or do you know someone outstanding, please reach out 🔁 If you want to at the frontier of whole-organ / whole-body 3D imaging, and help generate truly beautiful datasets that drive major biological discoveries and therapeutic development, see below ✨ We’re building the next-generation pipeline for tissue clearing + light-sheet microscopy + quantitative 3D analysis in the SyNergy Excellence Cluster (Mesoscale Hub) and we’re looking for someone excited to push this forward with us. 🧠🔬📈 🎥 I’m also attaching a short video showing the kind of high-quality imaging and datasets you’d be working with. What you’ll do 🛠️ 🔹 Lead and evolve tissue clearing + light-sheet workflows across collaborative SyNergy projects 🔹 Turn complex 3D datasets into robust quantitative insights (visualization, atlas registration, readouts) 🔹 Develop new methods and analysis pipelines together with our AI team 🤖 🔹 Maintain and optimize cutting-edge light-sheet systems (optional: support animal license writing) What we’re looking for 🎯 ✅ Strong hands-on experience in tissue clearing and/or fluorescence microscopy ✅ Solid experience with light-sheet microscopy and 3D imaging workflows ✅ Familiarity with 3D tools like Imaris / arivis Vision4D, stitching (e.g., BigStitcher), and quantitative analysis in cleared tissues ✅ Service mindset, great organization, and strong scientific English How to apply 📩 Apply via the LMU Klinikum online application form Please also send your application to: farida.hellal@med.uni-muenchen.de CC: ali.ertuerk@med.uni-muenchen.de 📎 Include one PDF: short cover letter, CV, 2–3 referees, and earliest start date. 📍 Campus Großhadern (Munich) and Helmholtz Munich | 🕒 Full-time | 📅 Start: 01 January 2026 If you love high-quality imaging, cutting-edge biology, and building something that will matter, we’d love to hear from you. 🌍✨ #hiring #StaffScientist #Postdoc #TissueClearing #LightSheetMicroscopy #ImageAnalysis #SpatialBiology #Neuroscience #SyNergy #LMU #Munich
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🚀 We’re hiring! Staff Scientist / Postdoc – Tissue Clearing & 3D Image Analysis (m/f/d) (LMU Munich) Are you a great fit, or do you know someone outstanding, please reach out 🔁 If you want to at the frontier of whole-organ / whole-body 3D imaging, and help generate truly beautiful datasets that drive major biological discoveries and therapeutic development, see below ✨ We’re building the next-generation pipeline for tissue clearing + light-sheet microscopy + quantitative 3D analysis in the SyNergy Excellence Cluster (Mesoscale Hub) and we’re looking for someone excited to push this forward with us. 🧠🔬📈 🎥 I’m also attaching a short video showing the kind of high-quality imaging and datasets you’d be working with. What you’ll do 🛠️ 🔹 Lead and evolve tissue clearing + light-sheet workflows across collaborative SyNergy projects 🔹 Turn complex 3D datasets into robust quantitative insights (visualization, atlas registration, readouts) 🔹 Develop new methods and analysis pipelines together with our AI team 🤖 🔹 Maintain and optimize cutting-edge light-sheet systems (optional: support animal license writing) What we’re looking for 🎯 ✅ Strong hands-on experience in tissue clearing and/or fluorescence microscopy ✅ Solid experience with light-sheet microscopy and 3D imaging workflows ✅ Familiarity with 3D tools like Imaris / arivis Vision4D, stitching (e.g., BigStitcher), and quantitative analysis in cleared tissues ✅ Service mindset, great organization, and strong scientific English How to apply 📩 Apply via the LMU Klinikum online application form Please also send your application to: [email protected] CC: [email protected] 📎 Include one PDF: short cover letter, CV, 2–3 referees, and earliest start date. 📍 Campus Großhadern (Munich) and Helmholtz Munich | 🕒 Full-time | 📅 Start: 01 January 2026 If you love high-quality imaging, cutting-edge biology, and building something that will matter, we’d love to hear from you. 🌍✨ #hiring #StaffScientist #Postdoc #TissueClearing #LightSheetMicroscopy #ImageAnalysis #SpatialBiology #Neuroscience #SyNergy #LMU #Munich

Ali Max Erturk

14,751 次观看 • 7 个月前

🚀 We are hiring! 𝗣𝗵𝗗 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗔𝗥-𝗧 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗹𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗽𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿 𝗡𝗲𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗶𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 We are looking for a passionate and motivated PhD student to join an exciting project focused on how nerve, immune and cancer cell interactions shape metastatic tumor behavior and resistance to cellular therapies, especially CAR-T cells. The project combines: • Whole-body tissue clearing • Light-sheet microscopy • wildDISCO-based immunolabeling • CAR-T and immune cell tracking in metastatic cancer • Spatial proteomics and 3D spatial biology • AI-based analysis of large-scale imaging datasets This is a great opportunity for someone with a background in cancer biology, immunology, neuroscience, biomedical sciences, biomedical engineering or a related field who wants to work at the interface of experimental biology, advanced imaging and AI. Apply here: Please share with excellent candidates who may be interested. #Hiring #PhDPosition #CARTcells #CellularTherapy #CancerResearch #Neuroimmunology #Immunotherapy #Metastasis #SpatialBiology #AIinBiology #Microscopy #LMUMunich #HelmholtzMunich #ErturkLab
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🚀 We are hiring! 𝗣𝗵𝗗 𝗦𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗔𝗥-𝗧 𝗖𝗲𝗹𝗹𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗽𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗖𝗮𝗻𝗰𝗲𝗿 𝗡𝗲𝘂𝗿𝗼𝗶𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 We are looking for a passionate and motivated PhD student to join an exciting project focused on how nerve, immune and cancer cell interactions shape metastatic tumor behavior and resistance to cellular therapies, especially CAR-T cells. The project combines: • Whole-body tissue clearing • Light-sheet microscopy • wildDISCO-based immunolabeling • CAR-T and immune cell tracking in metastatic cancer • Spatial proteomics and 3D spatial biology • AI-based analysis of large-scale imaging datasets This is a great opportunity for someone with a background in cancer biology, immunology, neuroscience, biomedical sciences, biomedical engineering or a related field who wants to work at the interface of experimental biology, advanced imaging and AI. Apply here: Please share with excellent candidates who may be interested. #Hiring #PhDPosition #CARTcells #CellularTherapy #CancerResearch #Neuroimmunology #Immunotherapy #Metastasis #SpatialBiology #AIinBiology #Microscopy #LMUMunich #HelmholtzMunich #ErturkLab

Ali Max Erturk

14,750 次观看 • 2 个月前

In an awe-inspiring moment from the fram2’ Fram2 mission, our #Science Cubes MELITE and Space-THAL were captured floating freely in the cupola with the Earth’s polar regions in the background. These scientific studies, led by Malta’s biotech company Spaceomix, are the world’s first to send diabetic foot ulcer tissue and ocular tissue microbiome samples (via our partners at فلك لعلوم وأبحاث الفضاء ) into a polar orbit. We aim to uncover how spaceflight, microgravity, and radiation alter the microbiome and relate to #diabetes complications back on Earth 🌍  In parallel, Space-THAL investigates the effects of #space travel on bone marrow-derived stem cells, cord blood, and peripheral blood, paving new ways to understand blood disorders, #anaemia, and long-duration space missions. Together with the University of Malta UM | Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Weill Cornell Medicine and other partners, and with a clear mission to advance space medicine, we’re pushing the boundaries of what’s possible, for Earth and beyond. Video credit: fram2
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In an awe-inspiring moment from the fram2’ Fram2 mission, our #Science Cubes MELITE and Space-THAL were captured floating freely in the cupola with the Earth’s polar regions in the background. These scientific studies, led by Malta’s biotech company Spaceomix, are the world’s first to send diabetic foot ulcer tissue and ocular tissue microbiome samples (via our partners at فلك لعلوم وأبحاث الفضاء ) into a polar orbit. We aim to uncover how spaceflight, microgravity, and radiation alter the microbiome and relate to #diabetes complications back on Earth 🌍  In parallel, Space-THAL investigates the effects of #space travel on bone marrow-derived stem cells, cord blood, and peripheral blood, paving new ways to understand blood disorders, #anaemia, and long-duration space missions. Together with the University of Malta UM | Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Weill Cornell Medicine and other partners, and with a clear mission to advance space medicine, we’re pushing the boundaries of what’s possible, for Earth and beyond. Video credit: fram2

Joseph ‘Sci’ Borg

31,660 次观看 • 1 年前

PHOTON COUNTING CT is NOT a better CT It is a NEW imaging modality Photon Counting CT (PCCT) represents a transformative leap in medical imaging, not only as a molecular imaging modality but also as a technology offering ultra-high resolution and functional imaging capabilities. It is fundamentally more than just an enhanced version of traditional CT—PCCT introduces new ways of seeing and understanding the human body, providing critical insights at the molecular, structural, and functional levels. This positions PCCT as a unique imaging modality that requires a fresh approach to technical implementation, operational workflows, and financial planning. Despite the larger upfront investment, PCCT’s ability to drastically reduce downstream healthcare costs makes it a highly valuable investment in the long run. 1. Technical Innovations • Molecular Imaging and Energy Discrimination: Unlike traditional CT, which simply measures the total absorbed energy, PCCT counts individual X-ray photons and differentiates their energy levels. This allows for precise molecular imaging, revealing the composition of tissues and materials at a biochemical level. By distinguishing between different tissue types and contrast agents, PCCT opens up new diagnostic possibilities, such as identifying molecular biomarkers in tumors or distinguishing between stable and unstable plaque in coronary arteries. This capability shifts the focus of imaging from purely anatomical to both anatomical and molecular, offering more comprehensive diagnostic information. • Ultra-High Spatial Resolution: PCCT features significantly smaller detector elements compared to conventional CT scanners, allowing for ultra-high resolution imaging. This means clinicians can visualize fine structures such as microcalcifications in arteries, small lesions in soft tissues, or the intricate architecture of bones. This level of detail was previously unattainable with traditional CT. When combined with molecular imaging, this ultra-high resolution allows for the precise localization and characterization of disease at very early stages, which is essential for early diagnosis and intervention. • Functional Imaging Capabilities: PCCT also excels as a functional imaging modality. By capturing energy-resolved information, PCCT can provide insights into tissue functionality and dynamic physiological processes. For instance, it can detect changes in blood flow, tissue perfusion, and oxygenation without the need for additional contrast agents or scans. This functionality allows for real-time assessment of physiological processes, making it particularly valuable in cardiology, oncology, and neurology for evaluating organ function and monitoring disease progression. • Reduced Noise and Artifact Reduction: Photon-counting technology dramatically reduces electronic noise and imaging artifacts, such as beam hardening, resulting in clearer and more accurate images. The ability to deliver ultra-high resolution images with minimal artifacts improves diagnostic accuracy, reducing the need for repeat scans and ensuring that even subtle abnormalities are detected. 2. Operational Considerations • New Workflow for Molecular, High-Resolution, and Functional Imaging: The integration of molecular, ultra-high resolution, and functional imaging into routine clinical workflows introduces complexity that requires adaptation. Radiologists and technicians need specialized training to interpret and analyze multi-energy datasets that include molecular and functional information. PCCT produces a vast amount of detailed data, requiring clinicians to adopt new imaging protocols and refine their diagnostic approaches to fully leverage its capabilities. • Post-Processing and Data Management: PCCT generates richer, more complex datasets, which necessitates advanced post-processing tools and data management systems. Existing PACS and imaging software may not be equipped to handle such large volumes of data or to process functional and molecular information effectively. This means healthcare institutions must invest in robust IT infrastructure, including upgraded software and storage solutions, as well as provide additional training for staff on new imaging analysis techniques. • Revised Clinical Protocols: The molecular, functional, and ultra-high resolution imaging capabilities of PCCT will likely prompt changes in clinical protocols. For instance, the need for contrast agents may be reduced, simplifying patient preparation and decreasing the risk of adverse reactions. Additionally, the ability to monitor physiological functions in real-time through functional imaging could lead to more dynamic diagnostic procedures, such as assessing the effectiveness of interventions or treatments in real-time. 3. Financial Impact • Higher Initial Investment: PCCT systems are more expensive than traditional CT scanners due to their advanced technology, which includes photon-counting detectors and the computational power required for high-resolution, molecular, and functional imaging. While this upfront cost is significant, it is crucial to view it in the broader context of the downstream benefits and cost reductions that PCCT offers. • Downstream Cost Reductions: Although the initial capital investment is higher, PCCT’s ability to combine molecular, functional, and ultra-high resolution imaging leads to substantial reductions in downstream healthcare costs. Its superior diagnostic accuracy minimizes the need for follow-up tests, repeat scans, or invasive diagnostic procedures, such as diagnostic coronary angiographies. For example, in cardiology, PCCT can precisely differentiate between types of coronary plaque, reducing the need for invasive procedures to assess risk. • Lower Overall Healthcare Expenditures: By enabling earlier, more accurate diagnoses, PCCT can reduce the overall cost of patient care. Early detection of disease, particularly through its molecular and functional imaging capabilities, allows for more targeted treatments, potentially preventing the need for more aggressive and expensive interventions down the line. For instance, early-stage tumor detection via molecular imaging could lead to less invasive treatments, reducing hospital stays and improving patient outcomes, ultimately driving down healthcare costs. • Increased ROI Through Enhanced Patient Outcomes: Over time, the combination of molecular, functional, and ultra-high resolution imaging enhances diagnostic precision, which translates into better patient outcomes. Improved diagnostic accuracy reduces the incidence of unnecessary procedures, minimizes treatment delays, and results in more personalized and effective care. This leads to increased patient satisfaction, better healthcare outcomes, and greater patient throughput—all factors that improve the institution’s return on investment (ROI). • Competitive Advantage and New Revenue Streams: By adopting PCCT, healthcare institutions position themselves at the forefront of advanced imaging technologies. The ability to offer molecular, functional, and ultra-high resolution imaging creates a competitive advantage, attracting more complex and high-value cases. This can boost the institution’s reputation for excellence in diagnostics, leading to increased referrals, new patient populations, and expanded revenue opportunities. Summary Photon Counting CT (PCCT) is not just an evolution of existing CT technology—it is a molecular, ultra-high resolution, and functional imaging modality that fundamentally transforms the diagnostic landscape. Its ability to capture detailed molecular data, visualize minute anatomical structures with ultra-high resolution, and provide real-time functional imaging opens new possibilities for earlier and more precise diagnoses. While the financial investment in PCCT is larger, the reduction in downstream healthcare costs through improved diagnostic accuracy, fewer unnecessary interventions, and earlier disease detection far outweighs the initial expense. For institutions committed to advancing patient care and improving long-term financial outcomes, PCCT is an essential investment in the future of medical imaging. The video attached shows a patient accessing the Hospital for ACS. PCCT can provide ALL the imaging information of the concurrent imaging modalities (CXR, CAG, Echo, CMR) that you see around it... that's a lot! #PhotonCountingCT #MolecularImaging #UltraHighResolution #FunctionalImaging #FutureOfImaging #AdvancedMedicalImaging #EarlyDiseaseDetection #InnovativeCT #CuttingEdgeHealthcare #PrecisionDiagnostics #HealthcareInnovation #MedicalTechnology #CostEffectiveImaging #NextGenCT #PatientCareRevolution
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PHOTON COUNTING CT is NOT a better CT It is a NEW imaging modality Photon Counting CT (PCCT) represents a transformative leap in medical imaging, not only as a molecular imaging modality but also as a technology offering ultra-high resolution and functional imaging capabilities. It is fundamentally more than just an enhanced version of traditional CT—PCCT introduces new ways of seeing and understanding the human body, providing critical insights at the molecular, structural, and functional levels. This positions PCCT as a unique imaging modality that requires a fresh approach to technical implementation, operational workflows, and financial planning. Despite the larger upfront investment, PCCT’s ability to drastically reduce downstream healthcare costs makes it a highly valuable investment in the long run. 1. Technical Innovations • Molecular Imaging and Energy Discrimination: Unlike traditional CT, which simply measures the total absorbed energy, PCCT counts individual X-ray photons and differentiates their energy levels. This allows for precise molecular imaging, revealing the composition of tissues and materials at a biochemical level. By distinguishing between different tissue types and contrast agents, PCCT opens up new diagnostic possibilities, such as identifying molecular biomarkers in tumors or distinguishing between stable and unstable plaque in coronary arteries. This capability shifts the focus of imaging from purely anatomical to both anatomical and molecular, offering more comprehensive diagnostic information. • Ultra-High Spatial Resolution: PCCT features significantly smaller detector elements compared to conventional CT scanners, allowing for ultra-high resolution imaging. This means clinicians can visualize fine structures such as microcalcifications in arteries, small lesions in soft tissues, or the intricate architecture of bones. This level of detail was previously unattainable with traditional CT. When combined with molecular imaging, this ultra-high resolution allows for the precise localization and characterization of disease at very early stages, which is essential for early diagnosis and intervention. • Functional Imaging Capabilities: PCCT also excels as a functional imaging modality. By capturing energy-resolved information, PCCT can provide insights into tissue functionality and dynamic physiological processes. For instance, it can detect changes in blood flow, tissue perfusion, and oxygenation without the need for additional contrast agents or scans. This functionality allows for real-time assessment of physiological processes, making it particularly valuable in cardiology, oncology, and neurology for evaluating organ function and monitoring disease progression. • Reduced Noise and Artifact Reduction: Photon-counting technology dramatically reduces electronic noise and imaging artifacts, such as beam hardening, resulting in clearer and more accurate images. The ability to deliver ultra-high resolution images with minimal artifacts improves diagnostic accuracy, reducing the need for repeat scans and ensuring that even subtle abnormalities are detected. 2. Operational Considerations • New Workflow for Molecular, High-Resolution, and Functional Imaging: The integration of molecular, ultra-high resolution, and functional imaging into routine clinical workflows introduces complexity that requires adaptation. Radiologists and technicians need specialized training to interpret and analyze multi-energy datasets that include molecular and functional information. PCCT produces a vast amount of detailed data, requiring clinicians to adopt new imaging protocols and refine their diagnostic approaches to fully leverage its capabilities. • Post-Processing and Data Management: PCCT generates richer, more complex datasets, which necessitates advanced post-processing tools and data management systems. Existing PACS and imaging software may not be equipped to handle such large volumes of data or to process functional and molecular information effectively. This means healthcare institutions must invest in robust IT infrastructure, including upgraded software and storage solutions, as well as provide additional training for staff on new imaging analysis techniques. • Revised Clinical Protocols: The molecular, functional, and ultra-high resolution imaging capabilities of PCCT will likely prompt changes in clinical protocols. For instance, the need for contrast agents may be reduced, simplifying patient preparation and decreasing the risk of adverse reactions. Additionally, the ability to monitor physiological functions in real-time through functional imaging could lead to more dynamic diagnostic procedures, such as assessing the effectiveness of interventions or treatments in real-time. 3. Financial Impact • Higher Initial Investment: PCCT systems are more expensive than traditional CT scanners due to their advanced technology, which includes photon-counting detectors and the computational power required for high-resolution, molecular, and functional imaging. While this upfront cost is significant, it is crucial to view it in the broader context of the downstream benefits and cost reductions that PCCT offers. • Downstream Cost Reductions: Although the initial capital investment is higher, PCCT’s ability to combine molecular, functional, and ultra-high resolution imaging leads to substantial reductions in downstream healthcare costs. Its superior diagnostic accuracy minimizes the need for follow-up tests, repeat scans, or invasive diagnostic procedures, such as diagnostic coronary angiographies. For example, in cardiology, PCCT can precisely differentiate between types of coronary plaque, reducing the need for invasive procedures to assess risk. • Lower Overall Healthcare Expenditures: By enabling earlier, more accurate diagnoses, PCCT can reduce the overall cost of patient care. Early detection of disease, particularly through its molecular and functional imaging capabilities, allows for more targeted treatments, potentially preventing the need for more aggressive and expensive interventions down the line. For instance, early-stage tumor detection via molecular imaging could lead to less invasive treatments, reducing hospital stays and improving patient outcomes, ultimately driving down healthcare costs. • Increased ROI Through Enhanced Patient Outcomes: Over time, the combination of molecular, functional, and ultra-high resolution imaging enhances diagnostic precision, which translates into better patient outcomes. Improved diagnostic accuracy reduces the incidence of unnecessary procedures, minimizes treatment delays, and results in more personalized and effective care. This leads to increased patient satisfaction, better healthcare outcomes, and greater patient throughput—all factors that improve the institution’s return on investment (ROI). • Competitive Advantage and New Revenue Streams: By adopting PCCT, healthcare institutions position themselves at the forefront of advanced imaging technologies. The ability to offer molecular, functional, and ultra-high resolution imaging creates a competitive advantage, attracting more complex and high-value cases. This can boost the institution’s reputation for excellence in diagnostics, leading to increased referrals, new patient populations, and expanded revenue opportunities. Summary Photon Counting CT (PCCT) is not just an evolution of existing CT technology—it is a molecular, ultra-high resolution, and functional imaging modality that fundamentally transforms the diagnostic landscape. Its ability to capture detailed molecular data, visualize minute anatomical structures with ultra-high resolution, and provide real-time functional imaging opens new possibilities for earlier and more precise diagnoses. While the financial investment in PCCT is larger, the reduction in downstream healthcare costs through improved diagnostic accuracy, fewer unnecessary interventions, and earlier disease detection far outweighs the initial expense. For institutions committed to advancing patient care and improving long-term financial outcomes, PCCT is an essential investment in the future of medical imaging. The video attached shows a patient accessing the Hospital for ACS. PCCT can provide ALL the imaging information of the concurrent imaging modalities (CXR, CAG, Echo, CMR) that you see around it... that's a lot! #PhotonCountingCT #MolecularImaging #UltraHighResolution #FunctionalImaging #FutureOfImaging #AdvancedMedicalImaging #EarlyDiseaseDetection #InnovativeCT #CuttingEdgeHealthcare #PrecisionDiagnostics #HealthcareInnovation #MedicalTechnology #CostEffectiveImaging #NextGenCT #PatientCareRevolution

Dr. Filippo Cademartiri

11,820 次观看 • 1 年前

How does an embryo reliably "compute" its form - "cell by cell" - using only local interactions and mechanics, yet produce a precise global body plan? I’m excited to share our Nature Methods paper "MultiCell: geometric learning in multicellular development", presenting #AIxBiology research led by Haiqian Yang and the result of a great collaboration with Ming Guo, George Roy, Tomer Stern, Anh Nguyen and Dapeng Bi. A long-standing challenge in developmental biology is to predict how thousands of cells collectively self-organize as tissues fold, divide, and rearrange. In MultiCell, we represent a developing embryo as a dual graph that unifies two complementary views of tissue mechanics with single-cell resolution: cells as moving points (granular) and cells as a connected foam (junction network). This lets the model learn dynamics from both geometry and cell–cell connectivity. On whole-embryo 4D light-sheet movies of Drosophila gastrulation (~5,000 cells), our model predicts key cell behaviors and the timing of events, including junction loss, rearrangements, and divisions with high accuracy, at single-cell resolution. Beyond prediction, the same representation supports robust time alignment across embryos and offers interpretable activation maps that highlight the morphogenetic "drivers" of development. The broader goal is a foundation for cell-by-cell forecasting in more complex tissues, and eventually for detecting subtle dynamical signatures of disease. Kudos to the team for this inspiring collaboration with brilliant researchers to push the boundary of AI for biology! Citation: Yang, H., Roy, G., Nguyen, A.Q., Buehler, M.J., et al. MultiCell: geometric learning in multicellular development. Nature Methods (2025), DOI: 10.1038/s41592-025-02983-x Code/data links are in the manuscript.
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How does an embryo reliably "compute" its form - "cell by cell" - using only local interactions and mechanics, yet produce a precise global body plan? I’m excited to share our Nature Methods paper "MultiCell: geometric learning in multicellular development", presenting #AIxBiology research led by Haiqian Yang and the result of a great collaboration with Ming Guo, George Roy, Tomer Stern, Anh Nguyen and Dapeng Bi. A long-standing challenge in developmental biology is to predict how thousands of cells collectively self-organize as tissues fold, divide, and rearrange. In MultiCell, we represent a developing embryo as a dual graph that unifies two complementary views of tissue mechanics with single-cell resolution: cells as moving points (granular) and cells as a connected foam (junction network). This lets the model learn dynamics from both geometry and cell–cell connectivity. On whole-embryo 4D light-sheet movies of Drosophila gastrulation (~5,000 cells), our model predicts key cell behaviors and the timing of events, including junction loss, rearrangements, and divisions with high accuracy, at single-cell resolution. Beyond prediction, the same representation supports robust time alignment across embryos and offers interpretable activation maps that highlight the morphogenetic "drivers" of development. The broader goal is a foundation for cell-by-cell forecasting in more complex tissues, and eventually for detecting subtle dynamical signatures of disease. Kudos to the team for this inspiring collaboration with brilliant researchers to push the boundary of AI for biology! Citation: Yang, H., Roy, G., Nguyen, A.Q., Buehler, M.J., et al. MultiCell: geometric learning in multicellular development. Nature Methods (2025), DOI: 10.1038/s41592-025-02983-x Code/data links are in the manuscript.

Markus J. Buehler

387,913 次观看 • 6 个月前

Excited to share our new work on building a multimodal atlas of human skin in health and inflammatory disease — a project I’m especially proud of, bringing together AI, high-throughput genomics, and clinical science to accelerate discovery. Over the past decade, single-cell genomics has transformed how we map cells in human tissues. But a major challenge remains: can we systematically decode how cells organize into functional niches in situ — including those invisible to standard histopathology? To address this, we integrated large-scale scRNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics, histopathology, and AI-driven modeling frameworks to build an in situ atlas of human skin across health and disease. Led by Lloyd Steele, an MD/PhD student working between Haniffa Lab and my lab at Wellcome Sanger Institute and Cambridge University . Another amazing collaboration with Muzz Haniffa, the mastermind behind the work as part of Human Cell Atlas. A key part of this study is that we didn’t build everything from scratch — we leveraged and combined AI methods that actually work! and showed how they can be used together to extract biological insight at scale. We used: • scArches to build and map into a reference scRNA-seq atlas of human skin: • NicheCompass to identify and characterize spatial niches: • MINT-Flow to extract microenvironment-induced cell states and gene programs: Together, these enabled an end-to-end workflow from atlas construction to spatial mapping, niche discovery, and cell state decoding. At scale, we integrated ~5 million cells and 100+ spatial sections, enabling a systematic view of tissue organization. Using this framework, we identified 26 niches in skin, including known histopathologic structures as well as hidden disease-associated niches not visible on H&E. Among the most striking findings were a resident memory T cell-rich sebaceous gland niche and a plasma cell-rich sweat gland niche, suggesting that appendageal structures act as active immunological microenvironments and may contribute to inflammatory memory and disease persistence. Importantly, this atlas is not just descriptive — it is usable. It can support mapping of new datasets, resolve finer cell types and niches, extract microenvironment-driven programs, and enable predictive analyses at scale. More broadly, this work shows what becomes possible when AI, spatial genomics, and atlas-scale data are integrated end-to-end: not just mapping tissues, but systematically decoding them. This was a massive collaboration, and I’m very grateful to the amazing scientists April Foster, Kenny Roberts, and Chloe Admane. Lloyd is an amazing scientist, and I’m especially excited for the community to see more of his work soon — stay tuned. The data and pre-trained models will be released soon. Preprint:
1:09

Excited to share our new work on building a multimodal atlas of human skin in health and inflammatory disease — a project I’m especially proud of, bringing together AI, high-throughput genomics, and clinical science to accelerate discovery. Over the past decade, single-cell genomics has transformed how we map cells in human tissues. But a major challenge remains: can we systematically decode how cells organize into functional niches in situ — including those invisible to standard histopathology? To address this, we integrated large-scale scRNA-seq, spatial transcriptomics, histopathology, and AI-driven modeling frameworks to build an in situ atlas of human skin across health and disease. Led by Lloyd Steele, an MD/PhD student working between Haniffa Lab and my lab at Wellcome Sanger Institute and Cambridge University . Another amazing collaboration with Muzz Haniffa, the mastermind behind the work as part of Human Cell Atlas. A key part of this study is that we didn’t build everything from scratch — we leveraged and combined AI methods that actually work! and showed how they can be used together to extract biological insight at scale. We used: • scArches to build and map into a reference scRNA-seq atlas of human skin: • NicheCompass to identify and characterize spatial niches: • MINT-Flow to extract microenvironment-induced cell states and gene programs: Together, these enabled an end-to-end workflow from atlas construction to spatial mapping, niche discovery, and cell state decoding. At scale, we integrated ~5 million cells and 100+ spatial sections, enabling a systematic view of tissue organization. Using this framework, we identified 26 niches in skin, including known histopathologic structures as well as hidden disease-associated niches not visible on H&E. Among the most striking findings were a resident memory T cell-rich sebaceous gland niche and a plasma cell-rich sweat gland niche, suggesting that appendageal structures act as active immunological microenvironments and may contribute to inflammatory memory and disease persistence. Importantly, this atlas is not just descriptive — it is usable. It can support mapping of new datasets, resolve finer cell types and niches, extract microenvironment-driven programs, and enable predictive analyses at scale. More broadly, this work shows what becomes possible when AI, spatial genomics, and atlas-scale data are integrated end-to-end: not just mapping tissues, but systematically decoding them. This was a massive collaboration, and I’m very grateful to the amazing scientists April Foster, Kenny Roberts, and Chloe Admane. Lloyd is an amazing scientist, and I’m especially excited for the community to see more of his work soon — stay tuned. The data and pre-trained models will be released soon. Preprint:

Mo Lotfollahi

11,759 次观看 • 3 个月前

🚨🚨10-Year Longitudinal Data On Ketogenic Diet Adverse Events, Bone Mineral Density, Thyroid Function, and Kidney Function: PART 2🚨🚨 NEW DATA OUT TODAY: We (Joseph C. Watso, PhD/ Austin Robinson/ Samuel Klein) just published our PART 2 paper looking at long-term safety and clinical efficacy of ketogenic diet on: ☠️Adverse Events 🦴Bone Mineral Density 🔥Thyroid Function 🫘Kidney Function ...in part 1 we measured advanced cardiovascular health profile in an adult with elevated cardiovascular risk (type 1 diabetes) who followed a ketogenic diet for 10 years and sustained euglycemia (10-Year HbA1c 5.5%). See paper here: PART 2: What did we find? 👉PLEASE WATCH 📷 VIDEO ABSTRACT here ( 180mg/dL). Patient also presented with intact hypoglycemic awareness. 🦴2) Bone Mineral Density: Prior data suggests that short term ketogenic diet may impair markers of bone modeling/remodeling. However, most of these report are short in nature. People with type 1 diabetes are at HIGH risk for lower bone mineral density and fracture (hyperglycemia is risk factor). Here, we observed no negative impact on bone mineral density (using GOLD STANDARD DXA) on a ketogenic diet, despite 10 years of aging with type 1 diabetes. 🔥3) Thyroid Function: Concerns have been raised on how reducing carbohydrates may shift thyroid hormone status and metabolism. However, most of these studies are </=7 days in length. Following a ketogenic diet over a 10-year period, here we observe no negative impact on thyroid function with a 10-year ketogenic diet. 🫘4) Kidney Function: Microvascular disease is a very common complication of type 1 diabetes as hyperglycemia damages the small blood vessel in the kidneys. Adverse structural kidney changes are observed in children with type 1 diabetes as early as 1.5-5 years post diagnosis with eGFR declining over time. We did not observe any deterioration of kidney function in patient with type 1 diabetes over a 10-year period while achieving 10-Year 5.5% HbA1c following a ketogenic diet. 🚨⚠️9) LIMITATIONS: Reminder on limitations. This is an individual case. The importance of this data is in the sheer absence of short or long-term data, hypothesized risk of a KD, and popularity and use of KD which we hope help generate future research questions. 🗒️CONCLUSIONS: In the longest known longitudinal report of a ketogenic diet in a patient with type 1 diabetes, we observed no severe adverse events or negative impacts on bone, kidney, or thyroid health. We in our PART 1 paper, we observed above average cardiovascular disease health. These initial findings should provoke further research into interventions like ketogenic diets to reduce the long-term health risks faced by those living with T1D while closely monitoring both traditional and advanced cardiovascular risk markers. Especially considering that currently available therapies do no reliably allow patients to achieve <7% HbA1c, let alone <5.7% HbA1c. Joseph C. Watso, PhD Cardiovascular & Applied Physiology Lab Studying how health behaviors (e.g., diet, exercise, etc.) affect cardiovascular health and physiology Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Studying how lifestyle, tools, and medicine affect people with diabetes. @fsucehhs FSU Research FSU ISSM AJP-Cell Physiology The diaTribe Foundation Beyond Type 1 Michael Riddell, PhD Nick Norwitz MD PhD Metabolic Mind Dominic D'Agostino Benjamin Bikman
2:53

🚨🚨10-Year Longitudinal Data On Ketogenic Diet Adverse Events, Bone Mineral Density, Thyroid Function, and Kidney Function: PART 2🚨🚨 NEW DATA OUT TODAY: We (Joseph C. Watso, PhD/ Austin Robinson/ Samuel Klein) just published our PART 2 paper looking at long-term safety and clinical efficacy of ketogenic diet on: ☠️Adverse Events 🦴Bone Mineral Density 🔥Thyroid Function 🫘Kidney Function ...in part 1 we measured advanced cardiovascular health profile in an adult with elevated cardiovascular risk (type 1 diabetes) who followed a ketogenic diet for 10 years and sustained euglycemia (10-Year HbA1c 5.5%). See paper here: PART 2: What did we find? 👉PLEASE WATCH 📷 VIDEO ABSTRACT here ( 180mg/dL). Patient also presented with intact hypoglycemic awareness. 🦴2) Bone Mineral Density: Prior data suggests that short term ketogenic diet may impair markers of bone modeling/remodeling. However, most of these report are short in nature. People with type 1 diabetes are at HIGH risk for lower bone mineral density and fracture (hyperglycemia is risk factor). Here, we observed no negative impact on bone mineral density (using GOLD STANDARD DXA) on a ketogenic diet, despite 10 years of aging with type 1 diabetes. 🔥3) Thyroid Function: Concerns have been raised on how reducing carbohydrates may shift thyroid hormone status and metabolism. However, most of these studies are </=7 days in length. Following a ketogenic diet over a 10-year period, here we observe no negative impact on thyroid function with a 10-year ketogenic diet. 🫘4) Kidney Function: Microvascular disease is a very common complication of type 1 diabetes as hyperglycemia damages the small blood vessel in the kidneys. Adverse structural kidney changes are observed in children with type 1 diabetes as early as 1.5-5 years post diagnosis with eGFR declining over time. We did not observe any deterioration of kidney function in patient with type 1 diabetes over a 10-year period while achieving 10-Year 5.5% HbA1c following a ketogenic diet. 🚨⚠️9) LIMITATIONS: Reminder on limitations. This is an individual case. The importance of this data is in the sheer absence of short or long-term data, hypothesized risk of a KD, and popularity and use of KD which we hope help generate future research questions. 🗒️CONCLUSIONS: In the longest known longitudinal report of a ketogenic diet in a patient with type 1 diabetes, we observed no severe adverse events or negative impacts on bone, kidney, or thyroid health. We in our PART 1 paper, we observed above average cardiovascular disease health. These initial findings should provoke further research into interventions like ketogenic diets to reduce the long-term health risks faced by those living with T1D while closely monitoring both traditional and advanced cardiovascular risk markers. Especially considering that currently available therapies do no reliably allow patients to achieve <7% HbA1c, let alone <5.7% HbA1c. Joseph C. Watso, PhD Cardiovascular & Applied Physiology Lab Studying how health behaviors (e.g., diet, exercise, etc.) affect cardiovascular health and physiology Sansum Diabetes Research Institute Studying how lifestyle, tools, and medicine affect people with diabetes. @fsucehhs FSU Research FSU ISSM AJP-Cell Physiology The diaTribe Foundation Beyond Type 1 Michael Riddell, PhD Nick Norwitz MD PhD Metabolic Mind Dominic D'Agostino Benjamin Bikman

Andrew Koutnik, Ph.D.

62,167 次观看 • 2 年前

Warmup to Statistical Mechanics What Exactly is a Hamiltonian A System? In ordinary Mechanics, you might begin with position and velocity. Hamiltonian Mechanics rewrites the same motion in a different language. Instead of position and velocity, it uses position and momentum. We write the position variables as q and the momentum variables as p. Then the full state of the system at one instant is (q, p) That pair is one point in phase space. Why do we do this? Because in these variables, the equations of motion take a remarkably clean form. Everything is generated by one single function, the Hamiltonian H(q, p) and in the simplest cases this Hamiltonian is just the total energy written in terms of position and momentum. So if you know H, you know the dynamics. You might wonder, but how can one function generate motion? The rule is dqᵢ/dt = ∂H/∂pᵢ dpᵢ/dt = −∂H/∂qᵢ These are Hamilton’s equations. Now read them slowly 😄 The rate of change of position comes from differentiating H with respect to momentum. The rate of change of momentum comes from differentiating H with respect to position, with a minus sign. This constitutes the whole engine. A simple example makes this less abstract: Take one particle of mass m moving in a potential V(q). Then the Hamiltonian is H(q, p) = p²/(2m) + V(q) The first term is kinetic energy. The second term is potential energy. Now apply Hamilton’s equations. First, dq/dt = ∂H/∂p = p/m So momentum tells you how position changes. Second, dp/dt = −∂H/∂q = −dV/dq Thus, momentum changes because of force. If you now combine these two equations, you recover ordinary Newtonian mechanics. Since p = m dq/dt, we get m d²q/dt² = −dV/dq So, Hamiltonian mechanics is not a different theory. It is the same mechanics, written in a form that exposes its geometric structure much more clearly. The animation The full 3D surface is the Hamiltonian itself, the energy landscape H(q, p). The floor underneath is phase space, marked by energy contours and the local flow field. The bright moving point is one actual state (q(t), p(t)) evolving under Hamilton’s equations. Its trail shows that the motion is not arbitrary. It is guided everywhere by the geometry of the same single function H. The render is doing more than illustrating a particle moving, it is showing how one function organizes the whole phase-space motion. The math breakdown: Start with one degree of freedom. The state is described by position q and momentum p. So the system lives in a two-dimensional phase space with coordinates (q, p) Now choose a Hamiltonian H(q, p) Think of H as the energy function. In many standard systems, H(q, p) = kinetic energy + potential energy For a particle of mass m in a potential V(q), this becomes H(q, p) = p²/(2m) + V(q) Hamilton’s equations say dq/dt = ∂H/∂p dp/dt = −∂H/∂q Now substitute this specific H. First compute the p derivative: ∂H/∂p = ∂/∂p (p²/(2m) + V(q)) = p/m So dq/dt = p/m Now compute the q derivative: ∂H/∂q = ∂/∂q (p²/(2m) + V(q)) = dV/dq So dp/dt = −dV/dq These two first-order equations completely determine the motion. Now, connect this back to Newton’s law. From dq/dt = p/m we get p = m dq/dt Differentiate both sides with respect to time: dp/dt = m d²q/dt² But Hamilton’s second equation gives dp/dt = −dV/dq So , together they imply m d²q/dt² = −dV/dq This is exactly Newton’s second law for motion in the potential V(q). Thus, Hamilton’s equations do not replace mechanic, they reorganize it. #HamiltonianMechanics #PhaseSpace #ClassicalMechanics #MathematicalPhysics #DifferentialEquations #Mathematics #Physics
1:00

Warmup to Statistical Mechanics What Exactly is a Hamiltonian A System? In ordinary Mechanics, you might begin with position and velocity. Hamiltonian Mechanics rewrites the same motion in a different language. Instead of position and velocity, it uses position and momentum. We write the position variables as q and the momentum variables as p. Then the full state of the system at one instant is (q, p) That pair is one point in phase space. Why do we do this? Because in these variables, the equations of motion take a remarkably clean form. Everything is generated by one single function, the Hamiltonian H(q, p) and in the simplest cases this Hamiltonian is just the total energy written in terms of position and momentum. So if you know H, you know the dynamics. You might wonder, but how can one function generate motion? The rule is dqᵢ/dt = ∂H/∂pᵢ dpᵢ/dt = −∂H/∂qᵢ These are Hamilton’s equations. Now read them slowly 😄 The rate of change of position comes from differentiating H with respect to momentum. The rate of change of momentum comes from differentiating H with respect to position, with a minus sign. This constitutes the whole engine. A simple example makes this less abstract: Take one particle of mass m moving in a potential V(q). Then the Hamiltonian is H(q, p) = p²/(2m) + V(q) The first term is kinetic energy. The second term is potential energy. Now apply Hamilton’s equations. First, dq/dt = ∂H/∂p = p/m So momentum tells you how position changes. Second, dp/dt = −∂H/∂q = −dV/dq Thus, momentum changes because of force. If you now combine these two equations, you recover ordinary Newtonian mechanics. Since p = m dq/dt, we get m d²q/dt² = −dV/dq So, Hamiltonian mechanics is not a different theory. It is the same mechanics, written in a form that exposes its geometric structure much more clearly. The animation The full 3D surface is the Hamiltonian itself, the energy landscape H(q, p). The floor underneath is phase space, marked by energy contours and the local flow field. The bright moving point is one actual state (q(t), p(t)) evolving under Hamilton’s equations. Its trail shows that the motion is not arbitrary. It is guided everywhere by the geometry of the same single function H. The render is doing more than illustrating a particle moving, it is showing how one function organizes the whole phase-space motion. The math breakdown: Start with one degree of freedom. The state is described by position q and momentum p. So the system lives in a two-dimensional phase space with coordinates (q, p) Now choose a Hamiltonian H(q, p) Think of H as the energy function. In many standard systems, H(q, p) = kinetic energy + potential energy For a particle of mass m in a potential V(q), this becomes H(q, p) = p²/(2m) + V(q) Hamilton’s equations say dq/dt = ∂H/∂p dp/dt = −∂H/∂q Now substitute this specific H. First compute the p derivative: ∂H/∂p = ∂/∂p (p²/(2m) + V(q)) = p/m So dq/dt = p/m Now compute the q derivative: ∂H/∂q = ∂/∂q (p²/(2m) + V(q)) = dV/dq So dp/dt = −dV/dq These two first-order equations completely determine the motion. Now, connect this back to Newton’s law. From dq/dt = p/m we get p = m dq/dt Differentiate both sides with respect to time: dp/dt = m d²q/dt² But Hamilton’s second equation gives dp/dt = −dV/dq So , together they imply m d²q/dt² = −dV/dq This is exactly Newton’s second law for motion in the potential V(q). Thus, Hamilton’s equations do not replace mechanic, they reorganize it. #HamiltonianMechanics #PhaseSpace #ClassicalMechanics #MathematicalPhysics #DifferentialEquations #Mathematics #Physics

Mathelirium

50,478 次观看 • 3 个月前

Thought experiment for people regarding the concept of Absolute Time. Absolute means NO EXCEPTIONS. We are NOT looking back in time when we see galaxies and stars. We are NOT looking back in time 1.25 seconds when we see the moon. We're Not looking back in time 3 minutes when we see Mars. We're Not looking back in time 8.33 minutes when we see the Sun. If an astronaut lit a matchstick on Mars, the distant observer would see predator heat waves at the top of the matchstick in real-time while the matchstick started to blacken towards the astronaut's fingers. But there would be no orange light from that chemical reaction or flame seen. If the matchstick burnt out before the packet of orange light from that particular chemical reaction made it to Earth… then the distant observer would just see a disembodied orange flash of light with a lag. But the Earth-bound observer would never actually see the flame associated with the orange wavelength it put out. The wavelength of color emitted by the flame is not a recording of reality. If the orange light is 650 Thz, that means there are 650 trillion individual and separate bursts of orange light pulsating in 1 second. NOT that "the same light" is "waving" 650 trillion times a second and that light is a recording of reality. There are 650 trillion brand-new lights flashing in 1 second. Each Hertz is a brand-new emission and packet unto itself. Time does not re-emit 650 trillion times a second, nor is a photon a particle or a packet of reality acting like the frame of a reel of footage. The orange light that already left the flame will continue to propagate out until it meets the electrons making up the distant observer. But remember, it is never the same light within that packet. And the electrons making up the observer will absorb all of those different lights within that packet and re-emit brand-new lights that produce the product of illumination. A photon is a massless packet of energy, spherically expanding at the rate of c from the source it comes from. Illumination is the result of that energy being absorbed and RE-emitted by any other electrons that did not output that primary packet. But time is not associated with the same light. It's never the same light and time does not re-emit between packets. Time is not relative. Do NOT allow your mind Carte Blanche to think along the lines of relative time. DROP IT for this thought experiment. We are thinking along the lines of ABSOLUTE TIME/ Galilean VARIANCE. What does absolute time mean? It means time is constant in ALL frames of reference. Any frequency shifts between atomic clocks IS a literal change in the speed of light. But relativity forbids the speed of light from Ever changing, so relativity (Lorentz INVARIANCE) invented the concept of the 4th dimension and space-time. Because Relativity doesn't allow light speed to shift.. they interpret the same frequency shift between atomic clocks as being conclusive, irrefutable evidence that time and reality itself shifts. Rather than say it's just that ONE clock being affected by Earth's gravity and the oscillation of that ONE cesium clock is being altered compared to other clocks. People don't realize that in relativity... time dilation is SYMMETRICAL! Not even most relativists know their own theory. If Clock A and Clock B are synchronized and together... and then they accelerate apart... Einstein said Clock A would see Clock B as being slower itself. And Clock B would view Clock A as slower than ITself. NOT that only one observer would see back in time and the other would see forward or not at all. No... BOTH observers are supposed to see each other BACK in time relative to each other according to Einstein and the consequence of the math. It doesn't make ANY sense!! But relativists toss that part of time dilation under their 4th dimensional rug. The rug is woven from threads of gold that only the smart people can see apparently. So... here's a thought experiment/ Gedankenexperiment for absolute time. NO paradoxes... no nonsense or confusion. What do you see in a club? You see disco lights changing and a color wheel effect. You see everyone in REAL-TIME. Not just because they are so close to the lights. Light is not a recording of reality. Light is simply color. Illuminating reality in a certain color. Just because you can't see something yet or the color hasn't reached you doesn't mean it isn't happening in real-time. Zoom out and look at the people in the club through binoculars a mile away. You are still looking at them in real-time. The colors are shifting with a delay in the club. Now look at the club through a telescope from the surface of the moon. You're still looking at the people in real-time. But now there is a lag of the colors shifting by 1.25 seconds because it takes light 1.25 seconds to travel from the Earth to the moon. Now look at the club through an even bigger telescope from the surface of Mars. You're still looking at the people in real-time, but now there is a lag of the colors shifting by 3 minutes because it takes light 3 minutes to travel from Earth to Mars. fr you are a third hypothetical observer zoomed out and watching the person from Mars AND seeing the club on Earth... you're still seeing everything happening in real-time as well. But you see the colored wavepackets traveling with a delay to the observer on Mars. And the disco color wheel effect is just lagging before it affects the observer from Mars and the observer on the Moon. It doesn't matter how far you zoom out! There is only now to observe. But there WILL be a lag and delay for a given color/wavepacket to reach distant observers. But all points in space are already illuminated by other starlight. So if you're too far away... you'll just see the club in real-time but without any disco lights. Just see them in white light because that's the source already illuminating the scene. This is where it gets the most difficult because people think light itself is a recording of reality that replays a scene from where it came from. But another punch in the gut of relativity is that in order to see REFLECTED light... that would require a TWO-WAY transit. Which means the light would have to be sent out... record the scene of a distant event and then RETURN in order to REplay the event. Which means it would take 6 minutes to see the club from Mars by that logic and 2.5 seconds to see the club from the moon by that logic. The difference in tick rates between clocks has NOTHING to do with time dilation. Wait.. what?! How can that be? Because a clock itself doesn't represent all of time and reality. The difference between clocks is a "Transverse relative time shift." If the only light in the universe was from the lighter… the only way a distant observer would be able to see the astronaut on Mars is if the astronaut held down the button of the lighter for longer than 3 minutes. It takes 3 minutes for the packet of light to travel from Mars to Earth. The distant observer would never be able to see Mars, unless the light stretched from Mars all the way to Earth, and illuminated the path between Mars and Earth. And that would take 3 minutes for the boundary and first part of that wave packet to reach Earth. But if the distant observer wanted to observe Mars in real-time… then that packet of light would have to be on for longer than 3 minutes. So if the astronaut on Mars flicked the lighter at 12:00, the distant observer on Earth wouldn't see anything until 12:03. If the light was on for 3 minutes and 10 seconds, and the distant observer is 3 light minutes away... the distant observer would be able to see Mars in real-time for 10 seconds starting at 12:03. In the 20 second video clip of the rotating planet with shifting colors... just imagine you're a couple light minutes or light seconds away. You're still seeing the planet spin in real-time. But there is simply a delay of switching colors. You are Not looking back in time. It's just a color wheel effect from a great distance away. That's it!! There are many major flaws which tarnish people's critical thinking on this thought experiment. 1. Light does NOT ricochet or bounce. Electrons absorb, emit and re-emit ALL electromagnetic radiation. The electrons, making up the glass of a mirror will absorb the incoming light and re-emit a brand-new light as an equal and opposite reaction. NOT that "the same light" bounced off the mirror and continued on within the same frame of reference.  2. Light is NOT a recording of reality. 3. It is NOT the same light being observed from a source. It's never the same light. Each Hertz is a new light. Think of half of a sine wave as being its own emission. On an oscilloscope, a stimulus generates a peak which initiates an equal and opposite trough. Or vice versa. That repeating process is not "the same light." If you cut and paste that sine wave to another sine wave, the boundary between the waves will always be in phase. (thus refraction) 4. The speed of light is NOT the same in ALL frames of reference, no matter what. 5. Light is NOT made of particles and waves that flip back-and-forth. 6. Time is NOT connected to the speed of light. Time remains constant regardless if you accelerate towards or away from a clock. The clocks themselves will indeed be off! But that's an affect on the electrons making up the atomic clock affecting the oscillation of the isotope which is ASSUMED to ALWAYS be the same. So ANY difference in oscillation is treated as a literal distortion in space-time. 7. Space and time are not linked at all. That is a mathematical artifice under Lorentz invariance. Time is relative under Lorentz invariance. But time is absolute under Galilean VARIANCE. When people hear or see the word GALILEAN... their brains switch to auto pilot to "aether theory" and "classical physics." What people don't realize is that aether theory used Galilean INVARIANCE. Rather than space-time being used as an excuse to explain the difference in frequencies between atomic clocks... it was originally aether being used as an excuse to keep the speed of light the same. But None of those things are valid! We are thinking under the framework of Galilean VARIANCE! Completely new revolutionary model returning to Isaac Newton and Classical physics but without the corpuscular theory (particle) theory for light... without a particle-wave duality... without an aether... without a 4th dimension. Just good ol elementary math within 3D Euclidean space. Everything happening in real-time, right now. This reformulation of Galilean transformations was offered by Dr. Edward Dowdye in 1991 called The Extinction Shift Principle. Effectivity as opposed to Relativity. If light required a two-way transit, in order to travel out… Record an event, and travel back to replay the recording…  then it would take 6 minutes to see the astronaut on Mars instead of 3.  Remember… They say the SAME light is a recording, and must travel there and travel back in order to REplay. Relativity says time is relative: t' ≠ t time is NOT the same from all frames of reference) and t = tₒ / √1 - v²/c² but Galilean Variance says time is not relative: t' = t (Time IS the same from all frames of reference) and τ_tr = τₒ / √1 - v²/c² Relativity says c' = c (The velocity of light is the same from all frames of reference) but Galilean variance says c' ≠ c (The velocity of light is NOT the same from all frames of reference) and that c' = c ± v (The velocity of light in one frame of reference is dependent upon the velocity of the light source relative to an observer in another frame of reference. Whether that light source is approaching or receding away from that observer) Relativity says E = mc² (Energy and mass are universally equivalent and literally interchangeable under All conditions.) but Galilean variance says E = Δmc² = mₒc² (Energy changes in a system are the result from changes in mass. mₒ represents the original mass. Mass and energy do not literally interchange. There is an equivalence, not an interchange.) The Rebirth of Classical Physics: Time, Light & Gravity Star light and illumination: Flicking a Lighter on Mars visual example:
0:21

Thought experiment for people regarding the concept of Absolute Time. Absolute means NO EXCEPTIONS. We are NOT looking back in time when we see galaxies and stars. We are NOT looking back in time 1.25 seconds when we see the moon. We're Not looking back in time 3 minutes when we see Mars. We're Not looking back in time 8.33 minutes when we see the Sun. If an astronaut lit a matchstick on Mars, the distant observer would see predator heat waves at the top of the matchstick in real-time while the matchstick started to blacken towards the astronaut's fingers. But there would be no orange light from that chemical reaction or flame seen. If the matchstick burnt out before the packet of orange light from that particular chemical reaction made it to Earth… then the distant observer would just see a disembodied orange flash of light with a lag. But the Earth-bound observer would never actually see the flame associated with the orange wavelength it put out. The wavelength of color emitted by the flame is not a recording of reality. If the orange light is 650 Thz, that means there are 650 trillion individual and separate bursts of orange light pulsating in 1 second. NOT that "the same light" is "waving" 650 trillion times a second and that light is a recording of reality. There are 650 trillion brand-new lights flashing in 1 second. Each Hertz is a brand-new emission and packet unto itself. Time does not re-emit 650 trillion times a second, nor is a photon a particle or a packet of reality acting like the frame of a reel of footage. The orange light that already left the flame will continue to propagate out until it meets the electrons making up the distant observer. But remember, it is never the same light within that packet. And the electrons making up the observer will absorb all of those different lights within that packet and re-emit brand-new lights that produce the product of illumination. A photon is a massless packet of energy, spherically expanding at the rate of c from the source it comes from. Illumination is the result of that energy being absorbed and RE-emitted by any other electrons that did not output that primary packet. But time is not associated with the same light. It's never the same light and time does not re-emit between packets. Time is not relative. Do NOT allow your mind Carte Blanche to think along the lines of relative time. DROP IT for this thought experiment. We are thinking along the lines of ABSOLUTE TIME/ Galilean VARIANCE. What does absolute time mean? It means time is constant in ALL frames of reference. Any frequency shifts between atomic clocks IS a literal change in the speed of light. But relativity forbids the speed of light from Ever changing, so relativity (Lorentz INVARIANCE) invented the concept of the 4th dimension and space-time. Because Relativity doesn't allow light speed to shift.. they interpret the same frequency shift between atomic clocks as being conclusive, irrefutable evidence that time and reality itself shifts. Rather than say it's just that ONE clock being affected by Earth's gravity and the oscillation of that ONE cesium clock is being altered compared to other clocks. People don't realize that in relativity... time dilation is SYMMETRICAL! Not even most relativists know their own theory. If Clock A and Clock B are synchronized and together... and then they accelerate apart... Einstein said Clock A would see Clock B as being slower itself. And Clock B would view Clock A as slower than ITself. NOT that only one observer would see back in time and the other would see forward or not at all. No... BOTH observers are supposed to see each other BACK in time relative to each other according to Einstein and the consequence of the math. It doesn't make ANY sense!! But relativists toss that part of time dilation under their 4th dimensional rug. The rug is woven from threads of gold that only the smart people can see apparently. So... here's a thought experiment/ Gedankenexperiment for absolute time. NO paradoxes... no nonsense or confusion. What do you see in a club? You see disco lights changing and a color wheel effect. You see everyone in REAL-TIME. Not just because they are so close to the lights. Light is not a recording of reality. Light is simply color. Illuminating reality in a certain color. Just because you can't see something yet or the color hasn't reached you doesn't mean it isn't happening in real-time. Zoom out and look at the people in the club through binoculars a mile away. You are still looking at them in real-time. The colors are shifting with a delay in the club. Now look at the club through a telescope from the surface of the moon. You're still looking at the people in real-time. But now there is a lag of the colors shifting by 1.25 seconds because it takes light 1.25 seconds to travel from the Earth to the moon. Now look at the club through an even bigger telescope from the surface of Mars. You're still looking at the people in real-time, but now there is a lag of the colors shifting by 3 minutes because it takes light 3 minutes to travel from Earth to Mars. fr you are a third hypothetical observer zoomed out and watching the person from Mars AND seeing the club on Earth... you're still seeing everything happening in real-time as well. But you see the colored wavepackets traveling with a delay to the observer on Mars. And the disco color wheel effect is just lagging before it affects the observer from Mars and the observer on the Moon. It doesn't matter how far you zoom out! There is only now to observe. But there WILL be a lag and delay for a given color/wavepacket to reach distant observers. But all points in space are already illuminated by other starlight. So if you're too far away... you'll just see the club in real-time but without any disco lights. Just see them in white light because that's the source already illuminating the scene. This is where it gets the most difficult because people think light itself is a recording of reality that replays a scene from where it came from. But another punch in the gut of relativity is that in order to see REFLECTED light... that would require a TWO-WAY transit. Which means the light would have to be sent out... record the scene of a distant event and then RETURN in order to REplay the event. Which means it would take 6 minutes to see the club from Mars by that logic and 2.5 seconds to see the club from the moon by that logic. The difference in tick rates between clocks has NOTHING to do with time dilation. Wait.. what?! How can that be? Because a clock itself doesn't represent all of time and reality. The difference between clocks is a "Transverse relative time shift." If the only light in the universe was from the lighter… the only way a distant observer would be able to see the astronaut on Mars is if the astronaut held down the button of the lighter for longer than 3 minutes. It takes 3 minutes for the packet of light to travel from Mars to Earth. The distant observer would never be able to see Mars, unless the light stretched from Mars all the way to Earth, and illuminated the path between Mars and Earth. And that would take 3 minutes for the boundary and first part of that wave packet to reach Earth. But if the distant observer wanted to observe Mars in real-time… then that packet of light would have to be on for longer than 3 minutes. So if the astronaut on Mars flicked the lighter at 12:00, the distant observer on Earth wouldn't see anything until 12:03. If the light was on for 3 minutes and 10 seconds, and the distant observer is 3 light minutes away... the distant observer would be able to see Mars in real-time for 10 seconds starting at 12:03. In the 20 second video clip of the rotating planet with shifting colors... just imagine you're a couple light minutes or light seconds away. You're still seeing the planet spin in real-time. But there is simply a delay of switching colors. You are Not looking back in time. It's just a color wheel effect from a great distance away. That's it!! There are many major flaws which tarnish people's critical thinking on this thought experiment. 1. Light does NOT ricochet or bounce. Electrons absorb, emit and re-emit ALL electromagnetic radiation. The electrons, making up the glass of a mirror will absorb the incoming light and re-emit a brand-new light as an equal and opposite reaction. NOT that "the same light" bounced off the mirror and continued on within the same frame of reference.  2. Light is NOT a recording of reality. 3. It is NOT the same light being observed from a source. It's never the same light. Each Hertz is a new light. Think of half of a sine wave as being its own emission. On an oscilloscope, a stimulus generates a peak which initiates an equal and opposite trough. Or vice versa. That repeating process is not "the same light." If you cut and paste that sine wave to another sine wave, the boundary between the waves will always be in phase. (thus refraction) 4. The speed of light is NOT the same in ALL frames of reference, no matter what. 5. Light is NOT made of particles and waves that flip back-and-forth. 6. Time is NOT connected to the speed of light. Time remains constant regardless if you accelerate towards or away from a clock. The clocks themselves will indeed be off! But that's an affect on the electrons making up the atomic clock affecting the oscillation of the isotope which is ASSUMED to ALWAYS be the same. So ANY difference in oscillation is treated as a literal distortion in space-time. 7. Space and time are not linked at all. That is a mathematical artifice under Lorentz invariance. Time is relative under Lorentz invariance. But time is absolute under Galilean VARIANCE. When people hear or see the word GALILEAN... their brains switch to auto pilot to "aether theory" and "classical physics." What people don't realize is that aether theory used Galilean INVARIANCE. Rather than space-time being used as an excuse to explain the difference in frequencies between atomic clocks... it was originally aether being used as an excuse to keep the speed of light the same. But None of those things are valid! We are thinking under the framework of Galilean VARIANCE! Completely new revolutionary model returning to Isaac Newton and Classical physics but without the corpuscular theory (particle) theory for light... without a particle-wave duality... without an aether... without a 4th dimension. Just good ol elementary math within 3D Euclidean space. Everything happening in real-time, right now. This reformulation of Galilean transformations was offered by Dr. Edward Dowdye in 1991 called The Extinction Shift Principle. Effectivity as opposed to Relativity. If light required a two-way transit, in order to travel out… Record an event, and travel back to replay the recording…  then it would take 6 minutes to see the astronaut on Mars instead of 3.  Remember… They say the SAME light is a recording, and must travel there and travel back in order to REplay. Relativity says time is relative: t' ≠ t time is NOT the same from all frames of reference) and t = tₒ / √1 - v²/c² but Galilean Variance says time is not relative: t' = t (Time IS the same from all frames of reference) and τ_tr = τₒ / √1 - v²/c² Relativity says c' = c (The velocity of light is the same from all frames of reference) but Galilean variance says c' ≠ c (The velocity of light is NOT the same from all frames of reference) and that c' = c ± v (The velocity of light in one frame of reference is dependent upon the velocity of the light source relative to an observer in another frame of reference. Whether that light source is approaching or receding away from that observer) Relativity says E = mc² (Energy and mass are universally equivalent and literally interchangeable under All conditions.) but Galilean variance says E = Δmc² = mₒc² (Energy changes in a system are the result from changes in mass. mₒ represents the original mass. Mass and energy do not literally interchange. There is an equivalence, not an interchange.) The Rebirth of Classical Physics: Time, Light & Gravity Star light and illumination: Flicking a Lighter on Mars visual example:

TheRealVerbz (Jason Verbelli)

16,608 次观看 • 1 年前

🚨💊GAVIN NEWSOM'S California is drowning in SYNTHETIC 7OH - a new street drug that is horrific beyond human comprehension. Reports say that after taking high doses of synthetic 7-hydroxymitragynine that it can trigger catastrophic organ failure. Starting with your liver turning into a toxic sludge factory. Your kidneys can shut down, filling your blood with waste products that poison every cell in your body. The respiratory depression gets so severe that you're gasping for air like a fish out of water, your lips turning blue as your brain slowly suffocates. The addiction itself rewires your brain so profoundly that without the substance, you experience bone-deep pain that feels like your skeleton is trying to claw its way out of your body. Seizures can strike without warning - your muscles contracting so violently they can snap bones and tear ligaments. Some users also report hallucinations of insects crawling under their skin, leading them to scratch until they create deep, infected wounds. The cardiovascular effects include irregular heartbeats that feel like your chest is being crushed by a vice, potentially triggering a heart attack. Your digestive system essentially shuts down - severe constipation so extreme that fecal matter backs up, causing toxic megacolon where your intestines can literally rupture and spill waste into your abdominal cavity. Long-term use also can destroy your testosterone production, causing severe hair loss, and triggering a condition called cholestatic jaundice where your skin and eyes turn yellow as bile backs up in your system. The withdrawal is so severe that users describe feeling like their blood has been replaced with battery acid, with uncontrollable vomiting and diarrhea that can lead to fatal dehydration within days. The synthetic versions are particularly dangerous because the dosing is completely unpredictable - what might be fine in one batch could be lethal in the next, turning users into unwitting guinea pigs for untested chemical compounds. Tag Secretary Kennedy to ban SYNTHETIC 7OH!
0:47

🚨💊GAVIN NEWSOM'S California is drowning in SYNTHETIC 7OH - a new street drug that is horrific beyond human comprehension. Reports say that after taking high doses of synthetic 7-hydroxymitragynine that it can trigger catastrophic organ failure. Starting with your liver turning into a toxic sludge factory. Your kidneys can shut down, filling your blood with waste products that poison every cell in your body. The respiratory depression gets so severe that you're gasping for air like a fish out of water, your lips turning blue as your brain slowly suffocates. The addiction itself rewires your brain so profoundly that without the substance, you experience bone-deep pain that feels like your skeleton is trying to claw its way out of your body. Seizures can strike without warning - your muscles contracting so violently they can snap bones and tear ligaments. Some users also report hallucinations of insects crawling under their skin, leading them to scratch until they create deep, infected wounds. The cardiovascular effects include irregular heartbeats that feel like your chest is being crushed by a vice, potentially triggering a heart attack. Your digestive system essentially shuts down - severe constipation so extreme that fecal matter backs up, causing toxic megacolon where your intestines can literally rupture and spill waste into your abdominal cavity. Long-term use also can destroy your testosterone production, causing severe hair loss, and triggering a condition called cholestatic jaundice where your skin and eyes turn yellow as bile backs up in your system. The withdrawal is so severe that users describe feeling like their blood has been replaced with battery acid, with uncontrollable vomiting and diarrhea that can lead to fatal dehydration within days. The synthetic versions are particularly dangerous because the dosing is completely unpredictable - what might be fine in one batch could be lethal in the next, turning users into unwitting guinea pigs for untested chemical compounds. Tag Secretary Kennedy to ban SYNTHETIC 7OH!

FINMAN

2,060,396 次观看 • 1 年前

Beneath the seemingly unremarkable yellow earth of central China's Wuyang County (舞阳) lies a prehistoric civilization representing of the earliest peak of Chinese civilization. It predates the Egyptian pyramids by millennia. The people there played bone flutes, brewed rice wine, crafted turquoise ornaments-leaving behind some of the very earliest footprints of Chinese civilization. This place is called Jiahu (贾湖). Recently, Chinese archaeologists discovered the world's earliest known wooden coffin here, dating back more than 8,000 years. The latest archaeological findings reveal more than 200 tombs in the central area of this site, among which 10 show evidence of wooden coffins. These coffins are rectangular in shape. Some measure around 2 meters in length, 0.6 meters in width, and 0.06 meters in thickness. Soil analysis from these locations indicates that the lignin content is significantly higher than in the surrounding areas. So far, no coffin lids have been identified. In Egypt, coffins appeared roughly 6,000 years ago. In China, the arid northwest region of Xinjiang has preserved a wealth of ancient artifacts. According to the chief archaeologist there, the earliest coffins were discovered at the Xiaohe Cemetery: boat-shaped coffins covered with cattle hides, dating back about 4,000 years. In eastern Zhejiang, a wooden coffin over 6,000 years old has been found, though only as a single instance. More systematic use of wooden coffins appeared around 6,000 years ago in eastern China's Shandong. The Jiahu site was discovered in 1961 during the excavation of a cellar used to store sweet potatoes, but systematic archaeological work did not begin until 1983. In a twist of fate, the son of its original discoverer now works at the local museum. Over ten excavations, nearly 50 bone flutes made from the ulnae of cranes have been unearthed. These are the oldest and best-preserved wind instruments known in Chinese music history. This remarkable site dates back some 9,000 years, emerging as the Ice Age came to an end. About 7,500 years ago, according to traces of flooding found in the archaeological record, its inhabitants abandoned the settlement due to this natural disaster. The flutes vary from two to eight finger holes. Over decades of careful study, Chinese scholars have tested and measured their sound. They found that most of the seven-holed flutes can roughly perform a diatonic scale. By contrast, the world's earliest bone flutes, discovered in Germany, though skillfully drilled, lack the ability to play a seven-note scale. As for their purpose, some suggest the flutes may have been used to lure game, while others believe they were intended as offerings or prayers to the heavens, the latter pointing to a ritual use. Today, the Ancient Music Ensemble of the Henan Museum (河南博物院) performs daily for visitors using replicas of the Jiahu bone flutes alongside other traditional instruments. I captured this video two years ago during a performance held as part of a conference I attended (top left). As archaeological research continues over the past four decades, the Jiahu site keeps delivering new surprises. I would like to share some of the important findings I have learned: The earliest evidence of rice in China comes from more than 9,000 years ago at the Shangshan (上山) site in Zhejiang. Charred rice grains have also been discovered at Jiahu. Although not as abundant as those at Shangshan, they indicate that the inhabitants of Jiahu were among the earliest people on Earth to eat rice. In recent years, excavations have also revealed a 65,000-square-meter moat-surrounded settlement at Jiahu-essentially a prehistoric metropolitan. The area outside the moat has yet to be excavated, but it is possible that rice fields once lay there. Chronologically, the rice at Jiahu appears slightly later than that of Shangshan, yet they exhibit a higher degree of domestication. This disparity suggests that the two sites may have developed independently, without direct interaction. One distinguished archaeologist has speculated that the people of Jiahu may have migrated from continental shelves submerged by rising sea levels after the Ice Age, bringing with them a remarkably advanced civilization. Here lies one of China's earliest ding-shaped vessels. Around 3,000 years ago, ding with three or four slender legs symbolized state power and were reserved for the ritual ceremonies of the highest aristocracy. Even 2,000 years ago, the First Emperor of Qin went to great lengths in search of the nine sacred ding, which represented the sovereignty of the realm. At the Jiahu site, archaeologists uncovered numerous ceramic tripod ding vessels. These pieces may already have carried ritual significance, as they appeared only in tombs of high status that contained turtle plastrons. Here lies one of China's earliest ding-shaped vessels (鼎). Around 3,000 years ago, ding with three or four slender legs symbolized state power and were reserved for the ritual ceremonies of the highest aristocracy (top right). Even 2,000 years ago, the First Emperor of Qin (秦始皇) went to great lengths in search of the nine sacred ding, which represented the sovereignty of the China. At the Jiahu site, archaeologists uncovered numerous ceramic tripod ding. These pieces may already have held ritual significance, as they appeared only in tombs of high status that contained turtle shells. 3,000 years ago at Yinxu, capital of Shang Dynasty, diviners recorded their oracles on bones, primarily turtle shells-and these inscriptions, known as oracle bone script, are the earliest known systematic writing in China. While the precise origins of this script remain uncertain, discoveries at Jiahu offer important clues. In certain high-ranking burials at Jiahu, turtle shells have been unearthed, some engraved with symbols (bottom left). These symbols appeared in isolation and remain undeciphered today, yet they predate oracle bone script by nearly 5,000 years. Some of the shells contained small pebbles, suggesting their use in divination. Between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago, during the Xia and Shang Dynasties, turquoise held a status comparable to that of diamonds today. It was often used in the most luxurious objects. The earliest turquoise ornaments in China have also been found at Jiahu. In addition to what appear to be necklace beads, archaeologists discovered pieces that may have once been sewn onto fabrics covering the bodies of the deceased (bottom right). Jiahu also offers the earliest known evidence of pig domestication in China. Residues of alcohol have been found inside many pottery vessels; and chemical analyses reveal that they once contained a fermented beverage made from rice and hawthorn, marking the earliest known evidence of wine in China. Its age is comparable to the wine made in Georgia! Although DNA has yet to be successfully extracted, studies of human remains from the burials reveal that Jiahu males averaged 1.72 meters in height and females averaged 1.67 meters, with some individuals reaching 1.8 or even 1.9 meters-much taller than today's national averages. Considering the limited nutrition available in ancient times, such stature is truly remarkable. Half-jokingly, I once asked the chief archaeologist of the excavation: "Did they perhaps get enough calcium, maybe by drinking pork bone soup?" He chuckled and replied, "It's quite possible." One of my most respected mentors, Chairman of the Chinese Archaeological Society, once said that Jiahu represents "The earliest great peak of China's prehistoric culture; a place where the first light of Chinese civilization began to shine." To me, this radiant culture was both nurtured and scattered by water. Its level of development far surpassed that of other regions during the same period in China, and I cannot help but think of one name-the Atlantis of the East. If the Atlantis of the West is a myth born of humanity’s longing for a perfect world, then Jiahu may be a real miracle of early civilization. The melody of bone flutes, the elegant curves of ceramic ding, the lingering fragrance of ancient rice, the mysterious symbols carved on turtle shells-all lie silently beneath the yellow earth, waiting not to be imagined, but to be unearthed, understood, and remembered.
0:57

Beneath the seemingly unremarkable yellow earth of central China's Wuyang County (舞阳) lies a prehistoric civilization representing of the earliest peak of Chinese civilization. It predates the Egyptian pyramids by millennia. The people there played bone flutes, brewed rice wine, crafted turquoise ornaments-leaving behind some of the very earliest footprints of Chinese civilization. This place is called Jiahu (贾湖). Recently, Chinese archaeologists discovered the world's earliest known wooden coffin here, dating back more than 8,000 years. The latest archaeological findings reveal more than 200 tombs in the central area of this site, among which 10 show evidence of wooden coffins. These coffins are rectangular in shape. Some measure around 2 meters in length, 0.6 meters in width, and 0.06 meters in thickness. Soil analysis from these locations indicates that the lignin content is significantly higher than in the surrounding areas. So far, no coffin lids have been identified. In Egypt, coffins appeared roughly 6,000 years ago. In China, the arid northwest region of Xinjiang has preserved a wealth of ancient artifacts. According to the chief archaeologist there, the earliest coffins were discovered at the Xiaohe Cemetery: boat-shaped coffins covered with cattle hides, dating back about 4,000 years. In eastern Zhejiang, a wooden coffin over 6,000 years old has been found, though only as a single instance. More systematic use of wooden coffins appeared around 6,000 years ago in eastern China's Shandong. The Jiahu site was discovered in 1961 during the excavation of a cellar used to store sweet potatoes, but systematic archaeological work did not begin until 1983. In a twist of fate, the son of its original discoverer now works at the local museum. Over ten excavations, nearly 50 bone flutes made from the ulnae of cranes have been unearthed. These are the oldest and best-preserved wind instruments known in Chinese music history. This remarkable site dates back some 9,000 years, emerging as the Ice Age came to an end. About 7,500 years ago, according to traces of flooding found in the archaeological record, its inhabitants abandoned the settlement due to this natural disaster. The flutes vary from two to eight finger holes. Over decades of careful study, Chinese scholars have tested and measured their sound. They found that most of the seven-holed flutes can roughly perform a diatonic scale. By contrast, the world's earliest bone flutes, discovered in Germany, though skillfully drilled, lack the ability to play a seven-note scale. As for their purpose, some suggest the flutes may have been used to lure game, while others believe they were intended as offerings or prayers to the heavens, the latter pointing to a ritual use. Today, the Ancient Music Ensemble of the Henan Museum (河南博物院) performs daily for visitors using replicas of the Jiahu bone flutes alongside other traditional instruments. I captured this video two years ago during a performance held as part of a conference I attended (top left). As archaeological research continues over the past four decades, the Jiahu site keeps delivering new surprises. I would like to share some of the important findings I have learned: The earliest evidence of rice in China comes from more than 9,000 years ago at the Shangshan (上山) site in Zhejiang. Charred rice grains have also been discovered at Jiahu. Although not as abundant as those at Shangshan, they indicate that the inhabitants of Jiahu were among the earliest people on Earth to eat rice. In recent years, excavations have also revealed a 65,000-square-meter moat-surrounded settlement at Jiahu-essentially a prehistoric metropolitan. The area outside the moat has yet to be excavated, but it is possible that rice fields once lay there. Chronologically, the rice at Jiahu appears slightly later than that of Shangshan, yet they exhibit a higher degree of domestication. This disparity suggests that the two sites may have developed independently, without direct interaction. One distinguished archaeologist has speculated that the people of Jiahu may have migrated from continental shelves submerged by rising sea levels after the Ice Age, bringing with them a remarkably advanced civilization. Here lies one of China's earliest ding-shaped vessels. Around 3,000 years ago, ding with three or four slender legs symbolized state power and were reserved for the ritual ceremonies of the highest aristocracy. Even 2,000 years ago, the First Emperor of Qin went to great lengths in search of the nine sacred ding, which represented the sovereignty of the realm. At the Jiahu site, archaeologists uncovered numerous ceramic tripod ding vessels. These pieces may already have carried ritual significance, as they appeared only in tombs of high status that contained turtle plastrons. Here lies one of China's earliest ding-shaped vessels (鼎). Around 3,000 years ago, ding with three or four slender legs symbolized state power and were reserved for the ritual ceremonies of the highest aristocracy (top right). Even 2,000 years ago, the First Emperor of Qin (秦始皇) went to great lengths in search of the nine sacred ding, which represented the sovereignty of the China. At the Jiahu site, archaeologists uncovered numerous ceramic tripod ding. These pieces may already have held ritual significance, as they appeared only in tombs of high status that contained turtle shells. 3,000 years ago at Yinxu, capital of Shang Dynasty, diviners recorded their oracles on bones, primarily turtle shells-and these inscriptions, known as oracle bone script, are the earliest known systematic writing in China. While the precise origins of this script remain uncertain, discoveries at Jiahu offer important clues. In certain high-ranking burials at Jiahu, turtle shells have been unearthed, some engraved with symbols (bottom left). These symbols appeared in isolation and remain undeciphered today, yet they predate oracle bone script by nearly 5,000 years. Some of the shells contained small pebbles, suggesting their use in divination. Between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago, during the Xia and Shang Dynasties, turquoise held a status comparable to that of diamonds today. It was often used in the most luxurious objects. The earliest turquoise ornaments in China have also been found at Jiahu. In addition to what appear to be necklace beads, archaeologists discovered pieces that may have once been sewn onto fabrics covering the bodies of the deceased (bottom right). Jiahu also offers the earliest known evidence of pig domestication in China. Residues of alcohol have been found inside many pottery vessels; and chemical analyses reveal that they once contained a fermented beverage made from rice and hawthorn, marking the earliest known evidence of wine in China. Its age is comparable to the wine made in Georgia! Although DNA has yet to be successfully extracted, studies of human remains from the burials reveal that Jiahu males averaged 1.72 meters in height and females averaged 1.67 meters, with some individuals reaching 1.8 or even 1.9 meters-much taller than today's national averages. Considering the limited nutrition available in ancient times, such stature is truly remarkable. Half-jokingly, I once asked the chief archaeologist of the excavation: "Did they perhaps get enough calcium, maybe by drinking pork bone soup?" He chuckled and replied, "It's quite possible." One of my most respected mentors, Chairman of the Chinese Archaeological Society, once said that Jiahu represents "The earliest great peak of China's prehistoric culture; a place where the first light of Chinese civilization began to shine." To me, this radiant culture was both nurtured and scattered by water. Its level of development far surpassed that of other regions during the same period in China, and I cannot help but think of one name-the Atlantis of the East. If the Atlantis of the West is a myth born of humanity’s longing for a perfect world, then Jiahu may be a real miracle of early civilization. The melody of bone flutes, the elegant curves of ceramic ding, the lingering fragrance of ancient rice, the mysterious symbols carved on turtle shells-all lie silently beneath the yellow earth, waiting not to be imagined, but to be unearthed, understood, and remembered.

Zhai Xiang

41,678 次观看 • 10 个月前

Facial reconstructions of two 4,000-year-old individuals from Abkhazia, Georgia The Dolmen culture was a Middle Bronze Age archaeological horizon in Abkhazia and Krasnodar, succeeding the Novosvobodnaya (late Maykop) culture and continuing traditions of megalithic tombs, ceramics, and settlement patterns. Some theories have been postulated that the Dolmen culture tradition of building dolmens was a cargo cult of Maykop culture burial practices. Settlements were typically near water, with wattle-and-daub houses and some cave use. The economy mixed animal husbandry (notably pigs), hoe agriculture, hunting, and fishing, alongside crafts such as pottery, stoneworking, weaving, and arsenical bronze metallurgy. Trade is evidenced by imported carnelian and faience beads. Dolmen ceramics likely reflect influences from Proto-Colchian and Ochamchire cultures via eastern Black Sea interactions. Regional variation is evident, including a possible distinct southern Sochi variant and limited dolmen presence in Abkhazia, suggesting brief or localized adoption of the tradition (M. I. Kudin, 2016). In Krasnodar, the culture was followed by the Post-Dolmen horizon (later linked to the EIA Proto-Maeotian development - a likely proto-Northwest Caucasian culture), while in Abkhazia it was replaced by the EIA Colchian culture, associated with Kartvelian tribes. From 1999 to 2000, an expedition led by V. Bzhania carried out surveys and excavations of cave sites in the Bzyb River gorge, including the Kaldakhvara Cave, the shelter near Blue Lake, and the Yupsy grotto. The work revealed important evidence about the succession and interaction of ancient cultures in the Caucasian Black Sea region during the 4th–2nd millennia BC. Of particular interest were two Bronze Age burials discovered in the Yupsy grotto, among the earliest human remains of this period found in Abkhazia. The bones were collected and initially studied in the field by anthropologist P. Kvitsinia. The burials were secondary, and the site itself is preliminarily dated to the late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC. The first Yupsy skull is well preserved and identified as female based on gracile morphology, including weak brow ridges, small mastoid processes, and reduced muscle attachment areas. The individual is estimated to be 50–60 years old, indicated by extensive tooth loss, complete alveolar resorption, and advanced cranial suture closure. The cranium is strongly dolichocranial (185.3 × 137.5 mm), with a high vault, and prominent occipital projection. The face is low and broad (127.5 mm), orthognathic, and flattened in the midface, with high zygomaxillary and nasomalar angles. Orbits are low and wide, and the nose is moderately broad but projecting. The maxilla shows severe resorption, and only two premolars remain in the mandible; the chin is strongly projecting. Postcranial remains are fragmentary, with a gracile femur, weak clavicular curvature, and an eurycnemic tibia, consistent with female sex estimation. Estimated stature is 150–160 cm. The second Yupsy skull is largely complete but lacks parts of the cranial base and left temporal/zygomatic regions. It shows clear asymmetry, especially in the occipital area, and moderate cranial relief. It is long-headed (cranial index 73.1) with large absolute dimensions (195.5 mm length, 143 mm width). The frontal bone is strongly developed with a vertical forehead, prominent supraorbital ridges, and a flattened glabella. The occipital region is asymmetrical with pronounced relief, while the parietals and temporal lines are weakly expressed. The face is low and very wide (hypereuryprosopic), with large zygomatic breadth - 138 mm, low facial height, square low orbits, and a wide interorbital distance. The nasal aperture is mesorrhine, and the maxilla and mandible show severe alveolar resorption. Age is estimated at 50-55 years, with extensive dental loss and suture closure. Postcranially, the skeleton is robust, with strong muscle attachments, some asymmetry, and degenerative changes in the pelvis and upper limbs. Estimated height is 166–182 cm, likely around 170 cm.
0:27

Facial reconstructions of two 4,000-year-old individuals from Abkhazia, Georgia The Dolmen culture was a Middle Bronze Age archaeological horizon in Abkhazia and Krasnodar, succeeding the Novosvobodnaya (late Maykop) culture and continuing traditions of megalithic tombs, ceramics, and settlement patterns. Some theories have been postulated that the Dolmen culture tradition of building dolmens was a cargo cult of Maykop culture burial practices. Settlements were typically near water, with wattle-and-daub houses and some cave use. The economy mixed animal husbandry (notably pigs), hoe agriculture, hunting, and fishing, alongside crafts such as pottery, stoneworking, weaving, and arsenical bronze metallurgy. Trade is evidenced by imported carnelian and faience beads. Dolmen ceramics likely reflect influences from Proto-Colchian and Ochamchire cultures via eastern Black Sea interactions. Regional variation is evident, including a possible distinct southern Sochi variant and limited dolmen presence in Abkhazia, suggesting brief or localized adoption of the tradition (M. I. Kudin, 2016). In Krasnodar, the culture was followed by the Post-Dolmen horizon (later linked to the EIA Proto-Maeotian development - a likely proto-Northwest Caucasian culture), while in Abkhazia it was replaced by the EIA Colchian culture, associated with Kartvelian tribes. From 1999 to 2000, an expedition led by V. Bzhania carried out surveys and excavations of cave sites in the Bzyb River gorge, including the Kaldakhvara Cave, the shelter near Blue Lake, and the Yupsy grotto. The work revealed important evidence about the succession and interaction of ancient cultures in the Caucasian Black Sea region during the 4th–2nd millennia BC. Of particular interest were two Bronze Age burials discovered in the Yupsy grotto, among the earliest human remains of this period found in Abkhazia. The bones were collected and initially studied in the field by anthropologist P. Kvitsinia. The burials were secondary, and the site itself is preliminarily dated to the late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC. The first Yupsy skull is well preserved and identified as female based on gracile morphology, including weak brow ridges, small mastoid processes, and reduced muscle attachment areas. The individual is estimated to be 50–60 years old, indicated by extensive tooth loss, complete alveolar resorption, and advanced cranial suture closure. The cranium is strongly dolichocranial (185.3 × 137.5 mm), with a high vault, and prominent occipital projection. The face is low and broad (127.5 mm), orthognathic, and flattened in the midface, with high zygomaxillary and nasomalar angles. Orbits are low and wide, and the nose is moderately broad but projecting. The maxilla shows severe resorption, and only two premolars remain in the mandible; the chin is strongly projecting. Postcranial remains are fragmentary, with a gracile femur, weak clavicular curvature, and an eurycnemic tibia, consistent with female sex estimation. Estimated stature is 150–160 cm. The second Yupsy skull is largely complete but lacks parts of the cranial base and left temporal/zygomatic regions. It shows clear asymmetry, especially in the occipital area, and moderate cranial relief. It is long-headed (cranial index 73.1) with large absolute dimensions (195.5 mm length, 143 mm width). The frontal bone is strongly developed with a vertical forehead, prominent supraorbital ridges, and a flattened glabella. The occipital region is asymmetrical with pronounced relief, while the parietals and temporal lines are weakly expressed. The face is low and very wide (hypereuryprosopic), with large zygomatic breadth - 138 mm, low facial height, square low orbits, and a wide interorbital distance. The nasal aperture is mesorrhine, and the maxilla and mandible show severe alveolar resorption. Age is estimated at 50-55 years, with extensive dental loss and suture closure. Postcranially, the skeleton is robust, with strong muscle attachments, some asymmetry, and degenerative changes in the pelvis and upper limbs. Estimated height is 166–182 cm, likely around 170 cm.

Ancestral Whispers

11,563 次观看 • 1 个月前

Scientists discover surprising link between gut-brain interactions and mental health | Eric W. Dolan, PsyPost A new study provides evidence that the connection between the brain and the stomach may be linked to mental health in a measurable way. Researchers from Aarhus University in Denmark, publishing their work in Nature Mental Health, report that a specific pattern of communication between the brain and the stomach reflects how individuals feel emotionally and psychologically. Their findings suggest that these gut-brain interactions can indicate a person’s levels of anxiety, depression, well-being, and overall quality of life. The idea that emotions are linked to physical sensations in the gut is widely reflected in language. People often talk about having “butterflies in the stomach” when nervous, or feeling “sick to the stomach” when distressed. Yet, despite these common expressions, most scientific attention in the field of brain-body interaction has focused on other organs, such as the heart and lungs. These areas have long been studied for their roles in emotion and mood. The researchers were struck by how little was known about how the stomach, in particular, interacts with the brain. While recent studies have explored the influence of gut bacteria and digestion on mental health, very little work had been done on the electrical rhythms of the stomach and how they may directly communicate with the brain’s networks involved in emotion, attention, and cognition. The team behind this new study wanted to explore whether a person’s psychological profile might be reflected in how strongly the stomach and brain are coupled during rest. Their aim was not to link a specific diagnosis like depression to a single brain region, but rather to identify patterns across a broad spectrum of mental health experiences. “Our interest grew from the long-standing discussion about the role of the body in shaping emotion, a question that has fascinated philosophers and scientists for centuries,” said study author Leah Banellis (Leah Banellis), a postdoctoral fellow in Cognitive Neuroscience at Aarhus University. “Yet, while the heart and lungs have received much attention, the stomach has been largely overlooked. This gap struck us as especially surprising, because the link between the stomach and emotional experience feels so intuitive. It is heavily reflected in everyday language, with phrases like ‘butterflies in the stomach,’ ‘sick to our stomach,’ or ‘trust your gut.'” The research was part of the Visceral Mind Project, a large-scale initiative that combines data on brain activity, bodily rhythms, and psychological assessments. The team recorded data from 243 people using a method that captures both electrical signals from the stomach (electrogastrography) and brain activity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The participants represented a wide range of mental health profiles, from those reporting high well-being to others showing signs of distress, including anxiety, depression, fatigue, and insomnia. To capture this diversity, the researchers didn’t exclude people with psychiatric symptoms or diagnoses. Instead, they aimed for variation, which would allow their models to detect patterns across the mental health spectrum. Each participant underwent a series of recordings while lying still in the MRI scanner. At the same time, sensors on the abdomen captured the stomach’s slow electrical rhythm, which cycles about three times per minute. This rhythm, which originates from specialized cells in the stomach lining, is typically involved in coordinating digestion. But the researchers suspected it might also be linked to mental state. To analyze the relationship between stomach and brain activity, the team used a method that looks at how well the two rhythms align over time. This measure, known as phase-locking value, essentially captures the degree of synchronization between stomach signals and brain signals across different regions. The researchers then combined this data with results from a comprehensive mental health questionnaire. The battery included 37 different scores across a range of domains—such as anxiety, stress, mood, fatigue, attention, sleep quality, and life satisfaction. Using a statistical method known as canonical correlation analysis, they looked for patterns that linked brain-stomach coupling with the participants’ mental health profiles. The analysis revealed a clear and statistically significant pattern. Stronger coupling between the stomach’s rhythm and brain activity was associated with poorer mental health. Individuals who reported more symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue tended to show increased synchronization between their stomach and brain rhythms. In contrast, those with higher levels of well-being and life satisfaction showed weaker coupling. “For the first time, we’ve found a scientific link between your ‘gut feelings’ and your mental health, showing a surprising connection between your stomach’s natural rhythm and your brain,” Banellis told PsyPost. “Specifically, our study revealed that stronger communication between the stomach and brain is linked to worse mental health, such as higher symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue, whereas weaker stomach-brain communication aligns with better mental health reflected in higher overall well-being and quality of life.” This stomach-brain signature was not random. It was localized in specific brain networks, particularly those involved in attention, cognitive control, and salience detection. Some of the strongest associations were found in regions like the superior angular gyrus and the posterior frontal and parietal areas—regions often implicated in cognitive tasks and mental health disorders. Importantly, the researchers ran multiple control analyses to ensure the robustness of their findings. They ruled out the possibility that the observed effects were simply due to general brain activity patterns, fluctuations in heart rate or breathing, or basic features of stomach physiology. In other words, the association appeared specific to the coupling between the stomach’s electrical rhythm and particular brain networks—not just a general marker of body or brain state. Their approach was designed to detect broad psychological dimensions rather than focus on one diagnosis. The strongest psychological pattern they found was a spectrum ranging from negative affective states (like anxiety and depression) to positive traits (like well-being and quality of life). This result suggests that the stomach-brain connection is not tied to any one disorder but instead reflects a general mode of psychological functioning. “Anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue showed the strongest links to stomach-brain communication,” Banellis explained. “While phrases like ‘butterflies in the stomach’ or feeling ‘sick to your stomach’ are common ways we describe emotional distress, it was surprising to find such consistent and clear evidence across these symptoms. Even more unexpected was the direction of the effect: we might have assumed that stronger alignment between the body and brain would be beneficial. Instead, our findings suggest that heightened stomach-brain communication could act more like a warning signal, an internal alarm system reflecting mental strain rather than harmony.” Read more:
12:34

Scientists discover surprising link between gut-brain interactions and mental health | Eric W. Dolan, PsyPost A new study provides evidence that the connection between the brain and the stomach may be linked to mental health in a measurable way. Researchers from Aarhus University in Denmark, publishing their work in Nature Mental Health, report that a specific pattern of communication between the brain and the stomach reflects how individuals feel emotionally and psychologically. Their findings suggest that these gut-brain interactions can indicate a person’s levels of anxiety, depression, well-being, and overall quality of life. The idea that emotions are linked to physical sensations in the gut is widely reflected in language. People often talk about having “butterflies in the stomach” when nervous, or feeling “sick to the stomach” when distressed. Yet, despite these common expressions, most scientific attention in the field of brain-body interaction has focused on other organs, such as the heart and lungs. These areas have long been studied for their roles in emotion and mood. The researchers were struck by how little was known about how the stomach, in particular, interacts with the brain. While recent studies have explored the influence of gut bacteria and digestion on mental health, very little work had been done on the electrical rhythms of the stomach and how they may directly communicate with the brain’s networks involved in emotion, attention, and cognition. The team behind this new study wanted to explore whether a person’s psychological profile might be reflected in how strongly the stomach and brain are coupled during rest. Their aim was not to link a specific diagnosis like depression to a single brain region, but rather to identify patterns across a broad spectrum of mental health experiences. “Our interest grew from the long-standing discussion about the role of the body in shaping emotion, a question that has fascinated philosophers and scientists for centuries,” said study author Leah Banellis (Leah Banellis), a postdoctoral fellow in Cognitive Neuroscience at Aarhus University. “Yet, while the heart and lungs have received much attention, the stomach has been largely overlooked. This gap struck us as especially surprising, because the link between the stomach and emotional experience feels so intuitive. It is heavily reflected in everyday language, with phrases like ‘butterflies in the stomach,’ ‘sick to our stomach,’ or ‘trust your gut.'” The research was part of the Visceral Mind Project, a large-scale initiative that combines data on brain activity, bodily rhythms, and psychological assessments. The team recorded data from 243 people using a method that captures both electrical signals from the stomach (electrogastrography) and brain activity measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The participants represented a wide range of mental health profiles, from those reporting high well-being to others showing signs of distress, including anxiety, depression, fatigue, and insomnia. To capture this diversity, the researchers didn’t exclude people with psychiatric symptoms or diagnoses. Instead, they aimed for variation, which would allow their models to detect patterns across the mental health spectrum. Each participant underwent a series of recordings while lying still in the MRI scanner. At the same time, sensors on the abdomen captured the stomach’s slow electrical rhythm, which cycles about three times per minute. This rhythm, which originates from specialized cells in the stomach lining, is typically involved in coordinating digestion. But the researchers suspected it might also be linked to mental state. To analyze the relationship between stomach and brain activity, the team used a method that looks at how well the two rhythms align over time. This measure, known as phase-locking value, essentially captures the degree of synchronization between stomach signals and brain signals across different regions. The researchers then combined this data with results from a comprehensive mental health questionnaire. The battery included 37 different scores across a range of domains—such as anxiety, stress, mood, fatigue, attention, sleep quality, and life satisfaction. Using a statistical method known as canonical correlation analysis, they looked for patterns that linked brain-stomach coupling with the participants’ mental health profiles. The analysis revealed a clear and statistically significant pattern. Stronger coupling between the stomach’s rhythm and brain activity was associated with poorer mental health. Individuals who reported more symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue tended to show increased synchronization between their stomach and brain rhythms. In contrast, those with higher levels of well-being and life satisfaction showed weaker coupling. “For the first time, we’ve found a scientific link between your ‘gut feelings’ and your mental health, showing a surprising connection between your stomach’s natural rhythm and your brain,” Banellis told PsyPost. “Specifically, our study revealed that stronger communication between the stomach and brain is linked to worse mental health, such as higher symptoms of anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue, whereas weaker stomach-brain communication aligns with better mental health reflected in higher overall well-being and quality of life.” This stomach-brain signature was not random. It was localized in specific brain networks, particularly those involved in attention, cognitive control, and salience detection. Some of the strongest associations were found in regions like the superior angular gyrus and the posterior frontal and parietal areas—regions often implicated in cognitive tasks and mental health disorders. Importantly, the researchers ran multiple control analyses to ensure the robustness of their findings. They ruled out the possibility that the observed effects were simply due to general brain activity patterns, fluctuations in heart rate or breathing, or basic features of stomach physiology. In other words, the association appeared specific to the coupling between the stomach’s electrical rhythm and particular brain networks—not just a general marker of body or brain state. Their approach was designed to detect broad psychological dimensions rather than focus on one diagnosis. The strongest psychological pattern they found was a spectrum ranging from negative affective states (like anxiety and depression) to positive traits (like well-being and quality of life). This result suggests that the stomach-brain connection is not tied to any one disorder but instead reflects a general mode of psychological functioning. “Anxiety, depression, stress, and fatigue showed the strongest links to stomach-brain communication,” Banellis explained. “While phrases like ‘butterflies in the stomach’ or feeling ‘sick to your stomach’ are common ways we describe emotional distress, it was surprising to find such consistent and clear evidence across these symptoms. Even more unexpected was the direction of the effect: we might have assumed that stronger alignment between the body and brain would be beneficial. Instead, our findings suggest that heightened stomach-brain communication could act more like a warning signal, an internal alarm system reflecting mental strain rather than harmony.” Read more:

Owen Gregorian

92,301 次观看 • 9 个月前

Deuterium — a variable almost nobody tracks — regulates cell growth and mitochondrial function. It sits upstream of cancer and everything downstream. Your mitochondria maintain a lower deuterium concentration inside their inner membrane than outside. That gradient is not incidental. It's a feature of normal mitochondrial function. Roman Zubarev — professor of medical proteomics at the Karolinska Institute, trained at Moscow's elite physics institute — has spent years studying what happens when you disturb it. 1. Deuterium As A Cell Growth Regulator Deuterium — heavy hydrogen — regulates cell growth rate in the range of approximately 30–350 ppm. Earth's normal deuterium concentration is around 150 ppm. When cells are deprived of this normal amount, their growth slows down. To test this, Zubarev’s lab used A549 lung cancer cells — currently the most widely used cell line in biology — and exposed them to deuterium-depleted water at about 80 ppm. The result? Cancer cell growth rate dropped by 30%. Once deuterium concentrations step outside of that 30–350 ppm regulatory window, the effects stop being regulatory and start becoming highly detrimental. For example Mars carries approximately 750–1,050 ppm of deuterium—roughly 5 to 7 times Earth's natural concentration. When terrestrial organisms are exposed to Martian deuterium levels, they show significant survival decline. Zubarev’s team conducted a two-year experiment growing small shrimp in isolated environments where the water was modified to contain ~600 ppm of deuterium. They found that the survival rates of the shrimp significantly declined compared to those grown in normal water. 2. The Mitochondrial Mechanism — How Deuterium Depleted Water (DDW) Actually Works Alongside the well-known proton gradient, there is also a deuterium gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Normally, the concentration of deuterium is lower inside the membrane than it is outside. Mitochondrial lipids are naturally deuterium-depleted. When cells are placed in 80 ppm deuterium-depleted water — lower than the normal ~150 ppm outside — the gradient reverses. More deuterium inside the membrane than outside. So how does this reversal suppress growth? This reversal upsets reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. To try and restore equilibrium, the mitochondria rapidly increase their production of ROS. This sudden spike in ROS induces oxidative stress within the cell, which the researchers identified as the primary molecular mechanism that ultimately suppresses the growth of the cells. This is the anti-cancer mechanism. Zubarev: "We have not invented this mechanism — it's very well known." To prove that DDW suppresses cancer cell growth by inducing oxidative stress they added NAC — N-acetylcysteine, a standard antioxidant — to DDW-treated cancer cells. If DDW works through ROS, an antioxidant should cancel the effect. The result? At approximately 2 millimolar NAC, the DDW anti-cancer effect was statistically eliminated. Then they tested the reverse. They combined DDW with auranofin — a drug that induces oxidative stress. If both work through ROS, combining them should produce synergistic effect. The result? At low to medium concentrations, adding the drug to the DDW created a "double whammy effect" where the cell count went down even further. However, at very high concentrations of the drug, the effect of the DDW diminished, which Zubarev explains makes sense because a cell does not need two overwhelming sources of reactive oxygen species to die. Three-layer validation. Published in Molecular and Cellular Proteomics — the top proteomics journal. 3. The Antioxidant Implication Standard health messaging treats ROS as purely bad. Antioxidants good. Oxidative stress bad. Zubarev's data complicates this directly. DDW works by increasing ROS in cancer cells. Antioxidants statistically cancelled the therapeutic effect. Auranofin — an oxidative stress inducer — synergized with DDW against cancer. Important caveat: this finding is in cancer cells, not in healthy humans. Zubarev notes that normal human cells react differently, stating that normal human cells are much less sensitive to DDW. Therefore, the induction of ROS to slow down growth is a therapeutic mechanism specifically observed in fast-growing cancer cells, not a general effect reported for healthy cells. But the blanket "antioxidants are good" narrative fails here. Context determines whether ROS is friend or enemy. 4. You Are Not What You Eat The standard model of nutrition assumes the body passively absorbs its dietary inputs — including isotopic composition. Zubarev's data shows the opposite. The body actively resists changes to its internal isotopic composition. It defends a specific ratio the way it defends pH or temperature. Isotopes modulate their own fractionation — the biological system selectively processes and separates heavy and light isotopes to maintain equilibrium. The isotopic quality of what you eat and drink is a regulated biological input — not a passive one. For example, the deuterium levels found in the proline, hydroxyproline, and collagen of seals are twice as high as the deuterium levels in the surrounding seawater. Because the isotopic concentration in the seals' biological building blocks is double that of their environment, there is no way to attribute this composition simply to their food. 5. Isotopic Resonance — The Order Underlying Life Plot the isotopic masses and abundances of the elements that make up biological molecules — hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen. You'd expect random scatter, a scattered "galaxy" of dots. Instead you find a precise line. Zubarev calls it isotopic resonance. At natural isotopic abundances, biological molecules cluster in a specific ratio that produces the simplest, most efficient molecular conformations. That ratio is the point at which life's chemistry runs fastest. The probability of this pattern appearing by chance is astronomically small. Zubarev — a physicist trained in probability — cannot dismiss it: "This is the line of God, if you want." Life doesn't exist here just because of liquid water and moderate temperature. It exists here because Earth's isotopic composition happens to hit the resonance at which life's machinery runs. Disturb that composition — and the system works to defend it. The isotopic quality of your water, your food, and your environment is not a background variable. It is the upstream input everything else depends on.
3:59

Deuterium — a variable almost nobody tracks — regulates cell growth and mitochondrial function. It sits upstream of cancer and everything downstream. Your mitochondria maintain a lower deuterium concentration inside their inner membrane than outside. That gradient is not incidental. It's a feature of normal mitochondrial function. Roman Zubarev — professor of medical proteomics at the Karolinska Institute, trained at Moscow's elite physics institute — has spent years studying what happens when you disturb it. 1. Deuterium As A Cell Growth Regulator Deuterium — heavy hydrogen — regulates cell growth rate in the range of approximately 30–350 ppm. Earth's normal deuterium concentration is around 150 ppm. When cells are deprived of this normal amount, their growth slows down. To test this, Zubarev’s lab used A549 lung cancer cells — currently the most widely used cell line in biology — and exposed them to deuterium-depleted water at about 80 ppm. The result? Cancer cell growth rate dropped by 30%. Once deuterium concentrations step outside of that 30–350 ppm regulatory window, the effects stop being regulatory and start becoming highly detrimental. For example Mars carries approximately 750–1,050 ppm of deuterium—roughly 5 to 7 times Earth's natural concentration. When terrestrial organisms are exposed to Martian deuterium levels, they show significant survival decline. Zubarev’s team conducted a two-year experiment growing small shrimp in isolated environments where the water was modified to contain ~600 ppm of deuterium. They found that the survival rates of the shrimp significantly declined compared to those grown in normal water. 2. The Mitochondrial Mechanism — How Deuterium Depleted Water (DDW) Actually Works Alongside the well-known proton gradient, there is also a deuterium gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Normally, the concentration of deuterium is lower inside the membrane than it is outside. Mitochondrial lipids are naturally deuterium-depleted. When cells are placed in 80 ppm deuterium-depleted water — lower than the normal ~150 ppm outside — the gradient reverses. More deuterium inside the membrane than outside. So how does this reversal suppress growth? This reversal upsets reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. To try and restore equilibrium, the mitochondria rapidly increase their production of ROS. This sudden spike in ROS induces oxidative stress within the cell, which the researchers identified as the primary molecular mechanism that ultimately suppresses the growth of the cells. This is the anti-cancer mechanism. Zubarev: "We have not invented this mechanism — it's very well known." To prove that DDW suppresses cancer cell growth by inducing oxidative stress they added NAC — N-acetylcysteine, a standard antioxidant — to DDW-treated cancer cells. If DDW works through ROS, an antioxidant should cancel the effect. The result? At approximately 2 millimolar NAC, the DDW anti-cancer effect was statistically eliminated. Then they tested the reverse. They combined DDW with auranofin — a drug that induces oxidative stress. If both work through ROS, combining them should produce synergistic effect. The result? At low to medium concentrations, adding the drug to the DDW created a "double whammy effect" where the cell count went down even further. However, at very high concentrations of the drug, the effect of the DDW diminished, which Zubarev explains makes sense because a cell does not need two overwhelming sources of reactive oxygen species to die. Three-layer validation. Published in Molecular and Cellular Proteomics — the top proteomics journal. 3. The Antioxidant Implication Standard health messaging treats ROS as purely bad. Antioxidants good. Oxidative stress bad. Zubarev's data complicates this directly. DDW works by increasing ROS in cancer cells. Antioxidants statistically cancelled the therapeutic effect. Auranofin — an oxidative stress inducer — synergized with DDW against cancer. Important caveat: this finding is in cancer cells, not in healthy humans. Zubarev notes that normal human cells react differently, stating that normal human cells are much less sensitive to DDW. Therefore, the induction of ROS to slow down growth is a therapeutic mechanism specifically observed in fast-growing cancer cells, not a general effect reported for healthy cells. But the blanket "antioxidants are good" narrative fails here. Context determines whether ROS is friend or enemy. 4. You Are Not What You Eat The standard model of nutrition assumes the body passively absorbs its dietary inputs — including isotopic composition. Zubarev's data shows the opposite. The body actively resists changes to its internal isotopic composition. It defends a specific ratio the way it defends pH or temperature. Isotopes modulate their own fractionation — the biological system selectively processes and separates heavy and light isotopes to maintain equilibrium. The isotopic quality of what you eat and drink is a regulated biological input — not a passive one. For example, the deuterium levels found in the proline, hydroxyproline, and collagen of seals are twice as high as the deuterium levels in the surrounding seawater. Because the isotopic concentration in the seals' biological building blocks is double that of their environment, there is no way to attribute this composition simply to their food. 5. Isotopic Resonance — The Order Underlying Life Plot the isotopic masses and abundances of the elements that make up biological molecules — hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen. You'd expect random scatter, a scattered "galaxy" of dots. Instead you find a precise line. Zubarev calls it isotopic resonance. At natural isotopic abundances, biological molecules cluster in a specific ratio that produces the simplest, most efficient molecular conformations. That ratio is the point at which life's chemistry runs fastest. The probability of this pattern appearing by chance is astronomically small. Zubarev — a physicist trained in probability — cannot dismiss it: "This is the line of God, if you want." Life doesn't exist here just because of liquid water and moderate temperature. It exists here because Earth's isotopic composition happens to hit the resonance at which life's machinery runs. Disturb that composition — and the system works to defend it. The isotopic quality of your water, your food, and your environment is not a background variable. It is the upstream input everything else depends on.

no.mind

29,121 次观看 • 1 个月前

I've put together a straightforward protocol that seems to work quite well for people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A carnivore/lion diet works great for MS, but if you optimize a few nutrients and habits it can really improve your results and spur recovery. By just doing a carnivore/lion diet, there are now people who have not only put their symptoms into remission but have started to reverse their lesions on MRI. Some of these individuals will be in our upcoming case series on MS patients who are recovering using the carnivore diet. This full protocol can help even more. Dr. Chaffee's Protocol for Optimizing Multiple Sclerosis Recovery: This protocol outlines a comprehensive approach to supporting recovery from multiple sclerosis (MS), emphasizing dietary modifications, light optimization, and physical activity. 1) Dietary Intervention: The cornerstone of this protocol is a strict, high-fat, carnivore "lion" diet, predominantly consisting of beef and lamb, with 2g of fat for every 1g of protein, as detailed in my videos. All carbohydrates, sugars, and alcohol must be strictly excluded to induce and maintain ketosis, and to prevent further damage and inflammation to the nervous system. Ketones serve as the brain's preferred energy source and readily cross the blood-brain barrier, where they are converted into fatty acids, the essential building blocks for brain tissue. Prioritize grass-fed fats such as tallow, butter, or lamb fat, incorporating them into every meal for optimal results. Exclusively eating grass-fed meat is not required, these fats can be purchased separately. Grass-fed butter is readily available, as is grass finished tallow, and less often grass finished lamb. Bone marrow and even brain are excellent options as well. Wild-caught fatty fish is also acceptable; however, grass-finished lamb fat contains approximately 20 times the omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) compared to even oily wild-caught fish. DHA, EPA, and cholesterol are essential for myelin sheath regeneration on axons. 2) Nutritional Supplementation: For the first month, consume 50-100g (a few ounces) of liver daily. This can then be reduced to three times per week, with concurrent monitoring of B12 and homocysteine to maintain optimal levels. Maintain B12 levels between 800-1200 pmol/L or 1100-1600 pg/mL (American units). Homocysteine levels should remain below 7. If homocysteine is elevated, regardless of B12 levels, increase B12 intake. If liver consumption is not feasible, supplement with a methylated multi-B vitamin and/or sublingual methylcobalamin (methylated B12). Allow the sublingual dose (2000-2500 mcg daily for the first month) to dissolve under the tongue for at least five minutes before swallowing. Monitor B12 levels as described above and adjust accordingly. When testing B12 levels, discontinue B vitamin and B12 supplementation for approximately one week prior to the test to avoid artificially elevated results. Supplemental B vitamins can also interfere with other blood tests, particularly B7 (biotin). 3) Light Optimization and Circadian Rhythm: Optimize vitamin D levels and circadian rhythm by exposing yourself to direct sunlight for 30 minutes each morning, looking towards the sun (but not directly at it). Refrain from wearing sunscreen, sunglasses, or corrective lenses during this time. Direct, unfiltered sunlight exposure on as much skin as possible, including the eyes, is crucial, and multiple exposures throughout the day are beneficial. Minimize exposure to screens and artificial blue light, especially in the evenings. Wear blue-light-blocking glasses when using electronic devices or under artificial light after sunset. Remember that MS prevalence decreases closer to the equator; emulate these conditions as much as possible. Maximize vitamin D absorption by delaying showering for at least six to eight hours after sun exposure. Vitamin D is produced in the skin's sebum and can be washed away, particularly with soap. Absorption can take up to 48 hours, so allowing at least six to eight hours is essential. Vitamin D3 can also be obtained from wild-caught fatty fish and grass-fed animal fats. Monitor vitamin D levels six weeks from commencing the protocol, aiming for the high end of the normal range or preferably above. While supplemental vitamin D3 with K2 is an option, natural sunlight exposure and proper diet is preferred. Take repeat blood tests every 6-8 weeks in order optimize these levels and maintain them there. Once stabilized with your current diet +/- supplementation, you can can extend this period to once every 6 months. 4) Physical Activity: Maintain an active lifestyle. Nerve stimulation promotes growth and repair. Engage in as much activity as possible, gradually increasing intensity each week. As tolerated, incorporate resistance training and, if possible, sprinting. If walking is all you can do though, then walk. If not, then work your way up to walking. Important Considerations: Underlying Principles: This protocol addresses the root causes of MS and provides the resources and stimuli for tissue repair. The dietary and light hygiene modifications aim to halt further damage. The specified nutrients and light exposure provide the building blocks for repair, while exercise and light stimulate regrowth. The Crucial Role of Light: One example of the beneficial nature of light is UVA exposure. UVA light directed into the eyes (without glasses or other filters), stimulates the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which promotes brain growth, healing, and myelin repair. Proper light hygiene offers numerous benefits beyond BDNF stimulation, but it would be well worth it even if this were the only one. By adhering to this comprehensive protocol, individuals with MS can potentially achieve significantly improved outcomes compared to standard care. For the best results, ensure you are receiving proper medical supervision, particularly with regard to supplementation, blood work, and medications. Do not stop any medications until or unless it is appropriate to do so under medical supervision. *Always work closely with your healthcare provider when implementing any new interventions or protocols. #ms #multiplesclerosis #carnivore
0:33

I've put together a straightforward protocol that seems to work quite well for people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). A carnivore/lion diet works great for MS, but if you optimize a few nutrients and habits it can really improve your results and spur recovery. By just doing a carnivore/lion diet, there are now people who have not only put their symptoms into remission but have started to reverse their lesions on MRI. Some of these individuals will be in our upcoming case series on MS patients who are recovering using the carnivore diet. This full protocol can help even more. Dr. Chaffee's Protocol for Optimizing Multiple Sclerosis Recovery: This protocol outlines a comprehensive approach to supporting recovery from multiple sclerosis (MS), emphasizing dietary modifications, light optimization, and physical activity. 1) Dietary Intervention: The cornerstone of this protocol is a strict, high-fat, carnivore "lion" diet, predominantly consisting of beef and lamb, with 2g of fat for every 1g of protein, as detailed in my videos. All carbohydrates, sugars, and alcohol must be strictly excluded to induce and maintain ketosis, and to prevent further damage and inflammation to the nervous system. Ketones serve as the brain's preferred energy source and readily cross the blood-brain barrier, where they are converted into fatty acids, the essential building blocks for brain tissue. Prioritize grass-fed fats such as tallow, butter, or lamb fat, incorporating them into every meal for optimal results. Exclusively eating grass-fed meat is not required, these fats can be purchased separately. Grass-fed butter is readily available, as is grass finished tallow, and less often grass finished lamb. Bone marrow and even brain are excellent options as well. Wild-caught fatty fish is also acceptable; however, grass-finished lamb fat contains approximately 20 times the omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) compared to even oily wild-caught fish. DHA, EPA, and cholesterol are essential for myelin sheath regeneration on axons. 2) Nutritional Supplementation: For the first month, consume 50-100g (a few ounces) of liver daily. This can then be reduced to three times per week, with concurrent monitoring of B12 and homocysteine to maintain optimal levels. Maintain B12 levels between 800-1200 pmol/L or 1100-1600 pg/mL (American units). Homocysteine levels should remain below 7. If homocysteine is elevated, regardless of B12 levels, increase B12 intake. If liver consumption is not feasible, supplement with a methylated multi-B vitamin and/or sublingual methylcobalamin (methylated B12). Allow the sublingual dose (2000-2500 mcg daily for the first month) to dissolve under the tongue for at least five minutes before swallowing. Monitor B12 levels as described above and adjust accordingly. When testing B12 levels, discontinue B vitamin and B12 supplementation for approximately one week prior to the test to avoid artificially elevated results. Supplemental B vitamins can also interfere with other blood tests, particularly B7 (biotin). 3) Light Optimization and Circadian Rhythm: Optimize vitamin D levels and circadian rhythm by exposing yourself to direct sunlight for 30 minutes each morning, looking towards the sun (but not directly at it). Refrain from wearing sunscreen, sunglasses, or corrective lenses during this time. Direct, unfiltered sunlight exposure on as much skin as possible, including the eyes, is crucial, and multiple exposures throughout the day are beneficial. Minimize exposure to screens and artificial blue light, especially in the evenings. Wear blue-light-blocking glasses when using electronic devices or under artificial light after sunset. Remember that MS prevalence decreases closer to the equator; emulate these conditions as much as possible. Maximize vitamin D absorption by delaying showering for at least six to eight hours after sun exposure. Vitamin D is produced in the skin's sebum and can be washed away, particularly with soap. Absorption can take up to 48 hours, so allowing at least six to eight hours is essential. Vitamin D3 can also be obtained from wild-caught fatty fish and grass-fed animal fats. Monitor vitamin D levels six weeks from commencing the protocol, aiming for the high end of the normal range or preferably above. While supplemental vitamin D3 with K2 is an option, natural sunlight exposure and proper diet is preferred. Take repeat blood tests every 6-8 weeks in order optimize these levels and maintain them there. Once stabilized with your current diet +/- supplementation, you can can extend this period to once every 6 months. 4) Physical Activity: Maintain an active lifestyle. Nerve stimulation promotes growth and repair. Engage in as much activity as possible, gradually increasing intensity each week. As tolerated, incorporate resistance training and, if possible, sprinting. If walking is all you can do though, then walk. If not, then work your way up to walking. Important Considerations: Underlying Principles: This protocol addresses the root causes of MS and provides the resources and stimuli for tissue repair. The dietary and light hygiene modifications aim to halt further damage. The specified nutrients and light exposure provide the building blocks for repair, while exercise and light stimulate regrowth. The Crucial Role of Light: One example of the beneficial nature of light is UVA exposure. UVA light directed into the eyes (without glasses or other filters), stimulates the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which promotes brain growth, healing, and myelin repair. Proper light hygiene offers numerous benefits beyond BDNF stimulation, but it would be well worth it even if this were the only one. By adhering to this comprehensive protocol, individuals with MS can potentially achieve significantly improved outcomes compared to standard care. For the best results, ensure you are receiving proper medical supervision, particularly with regard to supplementation, blood work, and medications. Do not stop any medications until or unless it is appropriate to do so under medical supervision. *Always work closely with your healthcare provider when implementing any new interventions or protocols. #ms #multiplesclerosis #carnivore

Anthony Chaffee, MD

79,081 次观看 • 1 年前

🥶=🌞 In high latitudes, the cold is your sun. Ignore it, and you live without one. What most people get wrong is believing that high latitude in winter, is a “deficiency problem.” It is only a deficiency if you do it wrong. In high latitude, we must embrace winter and accept a different set of physical rules. Thing you have to do: 1️⃣ Lock in time⏰ Wake when the environment wakes, even if that is darkness. Still go outside because infrared and magnetic cues exist even when the sun disk does not. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (the brain clock) does not run on Instagram sunlight. It runs on environmental timing. Miss that, and mitochondria lose rhythm. 2️⃣ Cold becomes the sun❄️=☀️ Real cold, outdoors Feel it by minimizing the clothing you wear. Don’t cover your face. Cover your hands & feet well if you plan to stay outside for hours, like I did, unless you want frostbite souvenirs you didn’t order. Cold in nature increases electron density, improves redox, and substitutes for missing photonic input. This is why northern mammals thrive in winter. They don’t complain. They adapt. 3️⃣ DHA becomes non-negotiable🐟 In winter Norway, seafood is not “nutrition,” it is optics. DHA turns cell membranes into antennas that capture what little light exists and store it in water layers. This is how biology cheats winter. Without DHA, the brain becomes noisy, inflamed, anxious, and hungry for carbs(carbs doesn’t substitute DHA) Don’t forget the other key semiconductor: phosphorus (pork, egg yolks, organ meats, cheese, shellfish, red meat, poultry) 4️⃣ Light discipline becomes extreme💡 After sunset, zero overhead light if possible. Candles beat incandescent, halogen, and LEDs. Screens are minimized or filtered hard. Blue light at night in the Norwegian winter is not a small mistake. It is circadian assassination 😵🔫 Most winter depression is not psychological. It is photonic. In my house, there is no such thing as darkness after sunset 😒, so I cover myself head to toe and, yes, with blue-blocking glasses. 5️⃣ Movement stays outside🏋🏼‍♀️ Whatever you do, do outside in nature. Winter gyms under LEDs at high latitudes are where mitochondria STOP adapting and start negotiating. Nature DOESN’T NEGOTIATE 6️⃣ Food simplifies🍽️ No carb loading to “feel better.” Protein and fat dominate. Local fish, roe, bone broth, salt. Hunger signals in winter are often light hunger, not calorie hunger. Eat less. Sleep more. This is carnivorous season. Respect it 7️⃣ NO supplements replace nature💊 Vitamin D pills do not replace the sun Magnesium pills do not replace grounding Adaptation beats substitution every time 8️⃣ Location🏡 Avoid cities like the plague They are blue-light and EMF hellholes If you work there, follow my office guide(with a proper winter twist add) 👉🏻 😇Now the part most people don’t want to hear😈 Norwegian winter isn’t for everyone. If someone cannot control light at night, cannot access cold safely, cannot eat seafood, or is already metabolically broken, winter will expose weakness fast. Nature is honest and brutal 🌬️🔥 Embrace it, or get the hell out🙄 Otherwise, sure👍🏻… stay cozy, stay lit up, binge Netflix like a pro. Just don’t be surprised when Mr. Death 💀shows up at your doorstep, asking if the next episode is almost over 👀 For us, especially with a transplanted kidney, the lesson is not fear. It is PRECISION Winter is a surgical tool. Used correctly, it builds resilience 👍🏻 Used poorly, it accelerates decline 👎🏻 So, if you live in Norway in winter, don’t complain about missing sun just behave like winter mammals, enjoy the weather. Stay grateful. Remember: biology doesn’t care what we believe. It only responds to physics✅ BTW this is the first time since I discovered ☣️ Pleb Kruse = BTC foundationalist in exile 🟩🔆 that I shoveled snow wearing cotton clothes in −8°C (18°F). Normally I’m inside a Michelin down jacket because I’m 1.65 m, 53 kg / 5’5”, 115 lb, zero insulation. My husb worried I’d get sick🤭 It felt amazing…
2:30

🥶=🌞 In high latitudes, the cold is your sun. Ignore it, and you live without one. What most people get wrong is believing that high latitude in winter, is a “deficiency problem.” It is only a deficiency if you do it wrong. In high latitude, we must embrace winter and accept a different set of physical rules. Thing you have to do: 1️⃣ Lock in time⏰ Wake when the environment wakes, even if that is darkness. Still go outside because infrared and magnetic cues exist even when the sun disk does not. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (the brain clock) does not run on Instagram sunlight. It runs on environmental timing. Miss that, and mitochondria lose rhythm. 2️⃣ Cold becomes the sun❄️=☀️ Real cold, outdoors Feel it by minimizing the clothing you wear. Don’t cover your face. Cover your hands & feet well if you plan to stay outside for hours, like I did, unless you want frostbite souvenirs you didn’t order. Cold in nature increases electron density, improves redox, and substitutes for missing photonic input. This is why northern mammals thrive in winter. They don’t complain. They adapt. 3️⃣ DHA becomes non-negotiable🐟 In winter Norway, seafood is not “nutrition,” it is optics. DHA turns cell membranes into antennas that capture what little light exists and store it in water layers. This is how biology cheats winter. Without DHA, the brain becomes noisy, inflamed, anxious, and hungry for carbs(carbs doesn’t substitute DHA) Don’t forget the other key semiconductor: phosphorus (pork, egg yolks, organ meats, cheese, shellfish, red meat, poultry) 4️⃣ Light discipline becomes extreme💡 After sunset, zero overhead light if possible. Candles beat incandescent, halogen, and LEDs. Screens are minimized or filtered hard. Blue light at night in the Norwegian winter is not a small mistake. It is circadian assassination 😵🔫 Most winter depression is not psychological. It is photonic. In my house, there is no such thing as darkness after sunset 😒, so I cover myself head to toe and, yes, with blue-blocking glasses. 5️⃣ Movement stays outside🏋🏼‍♀️ Whatever you do, do outside in nature. Winter gyms under LEDs at high latitudes are where mitochondria STOP adapting and start negotiating. Nature DOESN’T NEGOTIATE 6️⃣ Food simplifies🍽️ No carb loading to “feel better.” Protein and fat dominate. Local fish, roe, bone broth, salt. Hunger signals in winter are often light hunger, not calorie hunger. Eat less. Sleep more. This is carnivorous season. Respect it 7️⃣ NO supplements replace nature💊 Vitamin D pills do not replace the sun Magnesium pills do not replace grounding Adaptation beats substitution every time 8️⃣ Location🏡 Avoid cities like the plague They are blue-light and EMF hellholes If you work there, follow my office guide(with a proper winter twist add) 👉🏻 😇Now the part most people don’t want to hear😈 Norwegian winter isn’t for everyone. If someone cannot control light at night, cannot access cold safely, cannot eat seafood, or is already metabolically broken, winter will expose weakness fast. Nature is honest and brutal 🌬️🔥 Embrace it, or get the hell out🙄 Otherwise, sure👍🏻… stay cozy, stay lit up, binge Netflix like a pro. Just don’t be surprised when Mr. Death 💀shows up at your doorstep, asking if the next episode is almost over 👀 For us, especially with a transplanted kidney, the lesson is not fear. It is PRECISION Winter is a surgical tool. Used correctly, it builds resilience 👍🏻 Used poorly, it accelerates decline 👎🏻 So, if you live in Norway in winter, don’t complain about missing sun just behave like winter mammals, enjoy the weather. Stay grateful. Remember: biology doesn’t care what we believe. It only responds to physics✅ BTW this is the first time since I discovered ☣️ Pleb Kruse = BTC foundationalist in exile 🟩🔆 that I shoveled snow wearing cotton clothes in −8°C (18°F). Normally I’m inside a Michelin down jacket because I’m 1.65 m, 53 kg / 5’5”, 115 lb, zero insulation. My husb worried I’d get sick🤭 It felt amazing…

Light Me Away ☀️

16,326 次观看 • 6 个月前

Detoxing to increase life expectancy and liver health:How legit medical practitioners are being comical (and very wrong) about health information. I like Dr. Pal Manickam. He is a Gastroenterologist from California. He makes really comical videos. Some of them make me laugh out loud. But I wish he would be more serious about the content inside his videos because a lot of it are heavy on the misinformation side. I chose to discuss this video because 1) it has garnered millions of views on Instagram and liked by more than 10K people and 2) it talks about detoxing and the liver and 3) it is standard clinician's creed/code to correct health misinformation. In the video, Dr. Pal speaks about endotoxins and exotoxins. Endotoxins he says are toxins within our body like urea and feces and exotoxins are packaged foods. I am deeply worried about his inaccuracies despite being a board certified Gastroenterologist in the USA. Endotoxins are the main component of the outer membrane of the cell wall of a specific type of bacteria - called the Gram-negative group of bacteria or GNB. GNB's are so called because do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method (invested by Danish microbiologist Hans Christian Gram). GNB's are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan (made of sugars+amino acids) cell wall sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Endotoxins are literally "poisons." Their production in the body leads to inflammatory responses at the cell, tissue, organ and systems level which is taken care (neutralized) of by a series of complex process that start in the gut and involving the liver in healthy persons. Example of endotoxin is lipopolysaccharide. Urea is not an endotoxin. It is a substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver. The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and into the urine. Urea is the major constituent of the urine and the principal means for disposal of nitrogen derived from amino acid metabolism. Feces are not endotoxins, even though they contain endotoxins. In simple terms, feces, or excrement, is the waste matter remaining after food has been digested, absorbed and thereafter discharged from the bowels. Exotoxins are also toxins secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released when bacteria dies. Example of exotoxin is Botulinum toxin secreted by bacteria Clostridium botulinum. This toxin is notorious for causing a paralytic disease called botulism in infants when they are fed honey at birth. Packaged foods are not exotoxins. They are sources of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and have nutritive value. Toxins do not have nutritive value. In the video, Dr. Pal says our liver will clear all the toxins. He also speaks about sunrise to sunset method - eating from 7AM to 7PM and fasting from 7PM to 7AM which will help detox the body and there is no requirement for "fancy detox diets." He then advises a 24 hour water fasting once a month to detox the body. The liver does not clean all toxins. The lungs, kidneys and skin are also important "detoxifiers" in the body. A lot of misinformation is spread by doctors who "detach organ systems" from the "whole" to sell their agenda of a special practice (like gut detox diet) or sell a supplement that will help improve organ health (such as liver detox drugs) completely ignoring the fact that the "The Whole (body) is Greater than the Sum of its Parts (organs)." The Sunset-Sunrise method is a type of time-restricted eating and a "fancy diet" which Dr.Pal himself is advocating against. A recent high quality study in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that time-restricted feeding DID NOT have any benefits over calorie restriction alone in the context of weight loss, body fat changes or metabolic risk factors. Water Fasting is an extreme form of "fancy dieting" and a possibly detrimental "fad diet" which has no conclusive benefits and is not recommended by any clinical societies in the world. It is only recommended by people with anecdotal experience on the same or by those who ignorantly advocate the same without understanding scientific evidence on it, like Dr.Pal himself. An 8-day water fasting only led to sense of well-being and did not affect metabolic factors. It increased uric acid, ketosis, lowered glucose and dehydrated people and can lead to lifethreatening metabolic derangements. Prolonged water-fasting increased triglycerides and insulin resistance after refeeding, the detrimental effects of which remain unknown in long term. All the current available studies on water-fasting is on minimum 5 day to almost 6 weeks of intermittent water-fast and NONE on single day a month fasting as mentioned by Dr.Pal. Again, this advise is just bluff and there is no evidence that it would led to healthier outcomes or improve disease conditons. There is NO evidence that water fasting or time-restricted diets DETOX the body. Detox is a wellness marketing fraud term which is thrown around by people, including doctors, who deeply lack scientific temper, critical thinking and rationality.
0:54

Detoxing to increase life expectancy and liver health:How legit medical practitioners are being comical (and very wrong) about health information. I like Dr. Pal Manickam. He is a Gastroenterologist from California. He makes really comical videos. Some of them make me laugh out loud. But I wish he would be more serious about the content inside his videos because a lot of it are heavy on the misinformation side. I chose to discuss this video because 1) it has garnered millions of views on Instagram and liked by more than 10K people and 2) it talks about detoxing and the liver and 3) it is standard clinician's creed/code to correct health misinformation. In the video, Dr. Pal speaks about endotoxins and exotoxins. Endotoxins he says are toxins within our body like urea and feces and exotoxins are packaged foods. I am deeply worried about his inaccuracies despite being a board certified Gastroenterologist in the USA. Endotoxins are the main component of the outer membrane of the cell wall of a specific type of bacteria - called the Gram-negative group of bacteria or GNB. GNB's are so called because do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method (invested by Danish microbiologist Hans Christian Gram). GNB's are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan (made of sugars+amino acids) cell wall sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Endotoxins are literally "poisons." Their production in the body leads to inflammatory responses at the cell, tissue, organ and systems level which is taken care (neutralized) of by a series of complex process that start in the gut and involving the liver in healthy persons. Example of endotoxin is lipopolysaccharide. Urea is not an endotoxin. It is a substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver. The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and into the urine. Urea is the major constituent of the urine and the principal means for disposal of nitrogen derived from amino acid metabolism. Feces are not endotoxins, even though they contain endotoxins. In simple terms, feces, or excrement, is the waste matter remaining after food has been digested, absorbed and thereafter discharged from the bowels. Exotoxins are also toxins secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released when bacteria dies. Example of exotoxin is Botulinum toxin secreted by bacteria Clostridium botulinum. This toxin is notorious for causing a paralytic disease called botulism in infants when they are fed honey at birth. Packaged foods are not exotoxins. They are sources of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and have nutritive value. Toxins do not have nutritive value. In the video, Dr. Pal says our liver will clear all the toxins. He also speaks about sunrise to sunset method - eating from 7AM to 7PM and fasting from 7PM to 7AM which will help detox the body and there is no requirement for "fancy detox diets." He then advises a 24 hour water fasting once a month to detox the body. The liver does not clean all toxins. The lungs, kidneys and skin are also important "detoxifiers" in the body. A lot of misinformation is spread by doctors who "detach organ systems" from the "whole" to sell their agenda of a special practice (like gut detox diet) or sell a supplement that will help improve organ health (such as liver detox drugs) completely ignoring the fact that the "The Whole (body) is Greater than the Sum of its Parts (organs)." The Sunset-Sunrise method is a type of time-restricted eating and a "fancy diet" which Dr.Pal himself is advocating against. A recent high quality study in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that time-restricted feeding DID NOT have any benefits over calorie restriction alone in the context of weight loss, body fat changes or metabolic risk factors. Water Fasting is an extreme form of "fancy dieting" and a possibly detrimental "fad diet" which has no conclusive benefits and is not recommended by any clinical societies in the world. It is only recommended by people with anecdotal experience on the same or by those who ignorantly advocate the same without understanding scientific evidence on it, like Dr.Pal himself. An 8-day water fasting only led to sense of well-being and did not affect metabolic factors. It increased uric acid, ketosis, lowered glucose and dehydrated people and can lead to lifethreatening metabolic derangements. Prolonged water-fasting increased triglycerides and insulin resistance after refeeding, the detrimental effects of which remain unknown in long term. All the current available studies on water-fasting is on minimum 5 day to almost 6 weeks of intermittent water-fast and NONE on single day a month fasting as mentioned by Dr.Pal. Again, this advise is just bluff and there is no evidence that it would led to healthier outcomes or improve disease conditons. There is NO evidence that water fasting or time-restricted diets DETOX the body. Detox is a wellness marketing fraud term which is thrown around by people, including doctors, who deeply lack scientific temper, critical thinking and rationality.

TheLiverDoc™

248,925 次观看 • 3 年前

Testosterone is far more than just a muscle-building hormone. It’s a cornerstone of health influencing mood, cognition, bone density, libido, and even longevity. In this episode, Derek (More Plates More Dates), host of the popular YouTube channel ‘More Plates More Dates' and co-founder of Marek Health, joins me to unpack testosterone’s true role in health, from bone density and insulin sensitivity to brain function and longevity. We cover how lifestyle factors, diet, and micronutrients like vitamin D, zinc, and magnesium shape testosterone levels, and which testosterone-boosting supplements actually work versus those that are just hype. We dive deep into testosterone replacement therapy—when it’s warranted, what benefits to expect, the risks (like polycythemia and fertility suppression), and how delivery methods such as injections, creams, and orals formulations differ. We also explore testosterone therapy for women, cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer risk, and how DHT drives hair loss, plus the safety and efficacy of treatments like finasteride, minoxidil, microneedling, and ketoconazole shampoo. If you want to understand testosterone beyond the headlines, including its functions, its tradeoffs, and the practical ways to optimize it, this conversation is a must-listen. Links in the next post. Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 1:58 - Why men need testosterone 4:19 - Testosterone's role in women 6:00 - Does high testosterone shorten life? 9:19 - What castrati reveal about lifespan 12:15 - Free vs. total testosterone 15:49 - Measuring testosterone 18:36 - Reference ranges vs. symptoms 21:58 - When high T signals trouble 23:40 - What LH and FSH tell you 28:19 - Is high SHBG hurting your T? 32:10 - Why SHBG rises with age 36:52 - Signs of low testosterone 39:54 - Alcohol’s impact on testosterone 42:46 - How low-fat & low-carb diets lower T 43:25 - Micronutrient mistakes hurting hormones 45:19 - Excess body fat & low testosterone 48:46 - Risks of excessive endurance training 53:09 - Endocrine disruptors 55:50 - Are testosterone levels declining? 58:39 - Why dietary fat boosts hormones 1:01:02 - Does keto harm testosterone? 1:02:17 - Best exercise for testosterone 1:04:23 - Do vitamin D, zinc, magnesium help? 1:08:43 - Can boron boost free testosterone? 1:09:53 - Ashwagandha 1:14:07 - Is Tongkat Ali best for boosting T? 1:17:58 - Tongkat Ali vs. boron 1:19:27 - Shilajit, tribulus, & fenugreek 1:20:41 - Best 4 supplements for testosterone 1:22:25 - Dutch vs. blood tests for cortisol 1:23:40 - When to consider TRT 1:31:30 - Realistic TRT benefits 1:34:41 - TRT and heart risks 1:44:31 - Creams vs. injections 1:45:55 - TRT and prostate cancer risk 1:48:08 - Side effects of TRT 1:50:48 - Rollercoaster effect from injections 1:53:23 - Low testosterone risks vs. TRT 1:56:46 - Choosing TRT delivery methods 2:03:23 - Smaller, frequent injections safer? 2:05:20 - Maintaining fertility on TRT 2:13:20 - Why TRT shrinks testicles 2:14:47 - Biomarkers to track on TRT 2:24:04 - Testosterone therapy for women 2:33:57 - Can DHEA safely raise women's T? 2:36:54 - Causes of hair loss 2:43:08 - Does your hairline come from grandpa? 2:43:55 - Risks of stopping hair loss 2:53:02 - Ketoconazole, minoxidil & microneedling 2:56:03 - Topical vs. oral minoxidil 2:59:08 - Microneedling without minoxidil 3:01:59 - Finasteride, dutasteride & the brain 3:03:10 - Finasteride & nocebo effect 3:04:44 - Does minoxidil delay baldness? 3:06:13 - Can dutasteride extend lifespan?
3:11:59

Testosterone is far more than just a muscle-building hormone. It’s a cornerstone of health influencing mood, cognition, bone density, libido, and even longevity. In this episode, Derek (More Plates More Dates), host of the popular YouTube channel ‘More Plates More Dates' and co-founder of Marek Health, joins me to unpack testosterone’s true role in health, from bone density and insulin sensitivity to brain function and longevity. We cover how lifestyle factors, diet, and micronutrients like vitamin D, zinc, and magnesium shape testosterone levels, and which testosterone-boosting supplements actually work versus those that are just hype. We dive deep into testosterone replacement therapy—when it’s warranted, what benefits to expect, the risks (like polycythemia and fertility suppression), and how delivery methods such as injections, creams, and orals formulations differ. We also explore testosterone therapy for women, cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer risk, and how DHT drives hair loss, plus the safety and efficacy of treatments like finasteride, minoxidil, microneedling, and ketoconazole shampoo. If you want to understand testosterone beyond the headlines, including its functions, its tradeoffs, and the practical ways to optimize it, this conversation is a must-listen. Links in the next post. Timestamps: 0:00 - Introduction 1:58 - Why men need testosterone 4:19 - Testosterone's role in women 6:00 - Does high testosterone shorten life? 9:19 - What castrati reveal about lifespan 12:15 - Free vs. total testosterone 15:49 - Measuring testosterone 18:36 - Reference ranges vs. symptoms 21:58 - When high T signals trouble 23:40 - What LH and FSH tell you 28:19 - Is high SHBG hurting your T? 32:10 - Why SHBG rises with age 36:52 - Signs of low testosterone 39:54 - Alcohol’s impact on testosterone 42:46 - How low-fat & low-carb diets lower T 43:25 - Micronutrient mistakes hurting hormones 45:19 - Excess body fat & low testosterone 48:46 - Risks of excessive endurance training 53:09 - Endocrine disruptors 55:50 - Are testosterone levels declining? 58:39 - Why dietary fat boosts hormones 1:01:02 - Does keto harm testosterone? 1:02:17 - Best exercise for testosterone 1:04:23 - Do vitamin D, zinc, magnesium help? 1:08:43 - Can boron boost free testosterone? 1:09:53 - Ashwagandha 1:14:07 - Is Tongkat Ali best for boosting T? 1:17:58 - Tongkat Ali vs. boron 1:19:27 - Shilajit, tribulus, & fenugreek 1:20:41 - Best 4 supplements for testosterone 1:22:25 - Dutch vs. blood tests for cortisol 1:23:40 - When to consider TRT 1:31:30 - Realistic TRT benefits 1:34:41 - TRT and heart risks 1:44:31 - Creams vs. injections 1:45:55 - TRT and prostate cancer risk 1:48:08 - Side effects of TRT 1:50:48 - Rollercoaster effect from injections 1:53:23 - Low testosterone risks vs. TRT 1:56:46 - Choosing TRT delivery methods 2:03:23 - Smaller, frequent injections safer? 2:05:20 - Maintaining fertility on TRT 2:13:20 - Why TRT shrinks testicles 2:14:47 - Biomarkers to track on TRT 2:24:04 - Testosterone therapy for women 2:33:57 - Can DHEA safely raise women's T? 2:36:54 - Causes of hair loss 2:43:08 - Does your hairline come from grandpa? 2:43:55 - Risks of stopping hair loss 2:53:02 - Ketoconazole, minoxidil & microneedling 2:56:03 - Topical vs. oral minoxidil 2:59:08 - Microneedling without minoxidil 3:01:59 - Finasteride, dutasteride & the brain 3:03:10 - Finasteride & nocebo effect 3:04:44 - Does minoxidil delay baldness? 3:06:13 - Can dutasteride extend lifespan?

Dr. Rhonda Patrick

171,678 次观看 • 10 个月前