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Two papers were posted yesterday, both reducing the resources needed for quantum computers to hack cryptocurrencies. But the headlines don't quite tell the whole story... I break down Google's whitepaper on quantum security of crypto, which includes a secret algorithm that they only released a zero-knowledge proof to verify....

22,046 次观看 • 7 个月前 •via X (Twitter)

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The Google and Caltech quantum papers demonstrated 2 breakthroughs: that Bitcoin cryptography is much easier to break than previously thought, and that far fewer logical qubits may be necessary for physical qubits. Project Eleven CEO Alex Pruden explains: "These two papers are not necessarily about a quantum computer that's bigger or more capable. They're about what it takes to break cryptography." "So what changed? One of the things that changed was that physicists and quantum cryptographers that looked at this problem for a long time studied an algorithm called RSA — an older cryptographic algorithm." "But that's not what really any blockchains use, because RSA keys are very large. It turns out, and this was one of the key upshots of the Google paper, that if you focus on the cryptography used by Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other networks, it's actually way easier to break than they thought it was, compared to RSA." "The other big breakthrough, and this is from the Caltech paper: Quantum computers are very fragile, generally. So to be useful, they need to have what's called error correction applied. And that can result in a lot of overhead. You need to have tons of physical qubits to get to one logical qubit." "This Caltech paper basically showed, 'Hey, we have some new ideas for error correction. And it turns out if we apply those, we don't need hundreds or thousands of physical qubits, maybe we just need a handful to make one logical cubit.'" "The headline of their paper is 'You may only need 10,000 physical qubits to run Shor's algorithm.' And by the way, they demonstrated 6,000 last year."

TBPN

16,456 次观看 • 7 个月前

BITCOIN RAILS #61: QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY FOR BITCOIN | with Dan Boneh Dan Boneh 🔗 YOUTUBE: 🌿 SPOTIFY: One of the most prolific and influential cryptographers in the world, it’s difficult to fully quantify the impact that Dan Boneh has had on Bitcoin and digital assets more broadly. Through both his own research and his mentorship of some of the space’s most important contributors — e.g. Andrew Poelstra, Benedikt Bünz ☕️, and Robin Linus ⛊ — few people have done more to shape the cryptographic foundations underlying modern blockchains and digital finance. More recently, Dan co-authored Google's widely discussed paper, “Securing Elliptic Curve Cryptocurrencies against Quantum Vulnerabilities,” which reduced prior estimates of the resources required to run Shor’s algorithm against the elliptic-curve cryptography used by Bitcoin. The paper reignited debate around quantum computing timelines and the long-term security assumptions behind modern cryptocurrencies. In this episode of Bitcoin Rails, Dan and I discuss the current state of quantum computing, its potential implications for Bitcoin, and how he believes the Bitcoin community should think about preparing for a post-quantum future over the coming decade and beyond. And yes, Dan shares his take on the “when quantum” question in the interview, among other key perspectives. This episode of Bitcoin Rails is brought to you by my NEW sponsors: LayerTwo Labs LayerTwo Labs — developing research, software, and technologies for scaling Bitcoin via the integration of Drivechains (BIP 300/301) Hashi on Sui — a primitive for executing Bitcoin Defi transactions, without having to trust a federated bridge or other centralized entity BitBox BitBox — an open-source Bitcoin-only hardware wallet, with smooth UX and no compromises on security. Check out Bitbox [dot] swiss and use code BITCOINRAILS to get a discount TIMESTAMPS: 00:00 — Intro and Dan’s history with cryptography and Bitcoin 11:44 — Shor's algorithm: how a 1994 paper became cryptography's most important threat 16:39 — Building a quantum computer: superconducting qubits vs neutral atoms 25:37 — When should we start worrying about quantum computers? The timeline debate 31:51 — Have we already reached quantum computing's “ahá” moment? 39:09 — Inside the Google paper: how Shor's algorithm was optimized 49:57 — The Bitcoin mempool attack and the 10-minute window 59:21 — Mitigation: what should Bitcoin do to prepare for quantum? 1:11:54 — Hash-based vs lattice-based signatures: Dan's case for lattice 1:23:15 — ZK proofs, BIP361, and what to do with Satoshi's coins 1:31:52 — Encrypted mempools and MEV 1:38:29 — Why Bitcoin will survive quantum and Dan's message to Bitcoin builders

Isabel Foxen Duke⚡️

123,407 次观看 • 5 个月前

Will quantum kill Bitcoin? Cracking a Bitcoin key takes ~1,200 reliable qubits. The best demo so far: 96 qubits. Quantum is a real problem. However, Bitcoin has time and options, even in the worst case. My full 26-minute presentation: Timestamps: 00:00 Will quantum kill Bitcoin? The short answer 01:15 Bits vs. qubits, explained simply 01:48 Why 1 reliable qubit takes ~400 physical qubits 02:28 The 1 algorithm that actually threatens Bitcoin 03:56 The only part of Bitcoin at risk 04:09 Why unspent addresses keep your key hidden 05:03 Satoshi's coins, reused addresses and Taproot 05:43 Long exposure vs. short exposure attacks 07:28 90% of Bitcoin is hidden or fixable 08:36 1,200 qubits needed. The record is 96. 09:34 Why 96 is further from 1,200 than it looks 10:57 Quantum's record: a 15-bit key your phone cracks in 1 second 12:20 51% to 70% of experts expect it within 15 years 12:56 Satoshi answered this in 2010 13:26 2 "quantum-proof" schemes that got broken 14:24 Bigger signatures could cut Bitcoin below 1 TPS 15:37 BIP-360 and 4 quantum-safe address designs 17:15 New quantum-safe signatures 17:42 Triggers: when to switch off old signatures 18:21 Freeze, slow down or leave old coins alone? 18:58 Rescue plans: Lifeboat and zero-knowledge proofs 20:58 Worst case: a quantum computer arrives tomorrow 22:34 "Safe at rest and safely move" 22:53 What happens to Satoshi's ~1 million coins? 23:41 Why I'd let the market absorb them 24:50 No need to rush. Keep building. 25:54 Bottom line: quantum is an engineering problem

Joe Burnett

13,820 次观看 • 8 天前