Loading video...

Video Failed to Load

There was a problem loading this video. This could be due to a temporary network issue or the video might be unavailable.

LLMs can make sense of retrieved context because of how transformers work. In one of the lessons from the Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) course, we unpack how LLMs process augmented prompts using token embeddings, positional vectors, and multi-head attention. Understanding these internals helps you design more reliable and efficient... show more

DeepLearning.AI

291,367 subscribers

11,500 views • 1 year ago •via X (Twitter)

Anya Rossi• Live Now

Private livecam show

0 Comments

No comments available

Comments from the original post will appear here

Related Videos

Building a reliable RAG system doesn’t stop at retrieval and generation, you need observability too. In the Retrieval Augmented Generation course, you'll explore how LLM observability platforms can help you: - Trace prompts through each step of the pipeline - Log and evaluate component behavior - Run experiments and monitor system performance over time The lesson uses Phoenix (by Arize) as an open-source example, but the techniques apply broadly, and you'll also learn where traditional tools like Grafana or Datadog fit in. 🧠 Learn how to monitor and improve your RAG systems in the full course:

Building a reliable RAG system doesn’t stop at retrieval and generation, you need observability too. In the Retrieval Augmented Generation course, you'll explore how LLM observability platforms can help you: - Trace prompts through each step of the pipeline - Log and evaluate component behavior - Run experiments and monitor system performance over time The lesson uses Phoenix (by Arize) as an open-source example, but the techniques apply broadly, and you'll also learn where traditional tools like Grafana or Datadog fit in. 🧠 Learn how to monitor and improve your RAG systems in the full course:

DeepLearning.AI

14,702 views • 1 year ago

Check it out: An entire lesson from BloomTech's AI for Developer Productivity course! Fundamentals of RAG (Retrieval-Augmented-Generation). How we enhance accuracy and reliability of generative AI models. This is the foundation we build on to give AI important context.

Check it out: An entire lesson from BloomTech's AI for Developer Productivity course! Fundamentals of RAG (Retrieval-Augmented-Generation). How we enhance accuracy and reliability of generative AI models. This is the foundation we build on to give AI important context.

Austen Allred

79,521 views • 2 years ago

Announcing a new Coursera course: Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) You'll learn to build high performance, production-ready RAG systems in this hands-on, in-depth course created by and taught by , experienced AI and ML engineer, researcher, and educator. RAG is a critical component today of many LLM-based applications in customer support, internal company Q&A systems, even many of the leading chatbots that use web search to answer your questions. This course teaches you in-depth how to make RAG work well. LLMs can produce generic or outdated responses, especially when asked specialized questions not covered in its training data. RAG is the most widely used technique for addressing this. It brings in data from new data sources, such as internal documents or recent news, to give the LLM the relevant context to private, recent, or specialized information. This lets it generate more grounded and accurate responses. In this course, you’ll learn to design and implement every part of a RAG system, from retrievers to vector databases to generation to evals. You’ll learn about the fundamental principles behind RAG and how to optimize it at both the component and whole-system levels. As AI evolves, RAG is evolving too. New models can handle longer context windows, reason more effectively, and can be parts of complex agentic workflows. One exciting growth area is Agentic RAG, in which an AI agent at runtime (rather than it being hardcoded at development time) autonomously decides what data to retrieve, and when/how to go deeper. Even with this evolution, access to high-quality data at runtime is essential, which is why RAG is a key part of so many applications. You'll learn via hands-on experiences to: - Build a RAG system with retrieval and prompt augmentation - Compare retrieval methods like BM25, semantic search, and Reciprocal Rank Fusion - Chunk, index, and retrieve documents using a Weaviate vector database and a news dataset - Develop a chatbot, using open-source LLMs hosted by Together AI, for a fictional store that answers product and FAQ questions - Use evals to drive improving reliability, and incorporate multi-modal data RAG is an important foundational technique. Become good at it through this course! Please sign up here:

Announcing a new Coursera course: Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) You'll learn to build high performance, production-ready RAG systems in this hands-on, in-depth course created by and taught by , experienced AI and ML engineer, researcher, and educator. RAG is a critical component today of many LLM-based applications in customer support, internal company Q&A systems, even many of the leading chatbots that use web search to answer your questions. This course teaches you in-depth how to make RAG work well. LLMs can produce generic or outdated responses, especially when asked specialized questions not covered in its training data. RAG is the most widely used technique for addressing this. It brings in data from new data sources, such as internal documents or recent news, to give the LLM the relevant context to private, recent, or specialized information. This lets it generate more grounded and accurate responses. In this course, you’ll learn to design and implement every part of a RAG system, from retrievers to vector databases to generation to evals. You’ll learn about the fundamental principles behind RAG and how to optimize it at both the component and whole-system levels. As AI evolves, RAG is evolving too. New models can handle longer context windows, reason more effectively, and can be parts of complex agentic workflows. One exciting growth area is Agentic RAG, in which an AI agent at runtime (rather than it being hardcoded at development time) autonomously decides what data to retrieve, and when/how to go deeper. Even with this evolution, access to high-quality data at runtime is essential, which is why RAG is a key part of so many applications. You'll learn via hands-on experiences to: - Build a RAG system with retrieval and prompt augmentation - Compare retrieval methods like BM25, semantic search, and Reciprocal Rank Fusion - Chunk, index, and retrieve documents using a Weaviate vector database and a news dataset - Develop a chatbot, using open-source LLMs hosted by Together AI, for a fictional store that answers product and FAQ questions - Use evals to drive improving reliability, and incorporate multi-modal data RAG is an important foundational technique. Become good at it through this course! Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

124,656 views • 1 year ago

Last week, we launched "Attention in Transformers: Concepts and Code in PyTorch" instructed by Joshua Starmer! In this course, you'll: ✅ Learn how the attention mechanism in LLMs helps convert base token embeddings into rich context-aware embeddings. ✅ Understand the Query, Key, and Value matrices, what they are for, how to produce them, and how to use them in attention. ✅ Learn the difference between self-attention, masked self-attention, and cross-attention, and how multi-head attention scales the algorithm. 🔗 Enroll for free:

Last week, we launched "Attention in Transformers: Concepts and Code in PyTorch" instructed by Joshua Starmer! In this course, you'll: ✅ Learn how the attention mechanism in LLMs helps convert base token embeddings into rich context-aware embeddings. ✅ Understand the Query, Key, and Value matrices, what they are for, how to produce them, and how to use them in attention. ✅ Learn the difference between self-attention, masked self-attention, and cross-attention, and how multi-head attention scales the algorithm. 🔗 Enroll for free:

DeepLearning.AI

36,832 views • 1 year ago

New course: Transformers in Practice. You'll get a practical view of how transformer-based LLMs work, so you can reason about their behavior, diagnose problems like slow inference, and make smarter decisions about deployment. This course is built in partnership with AMD and taught by Sharon Zhou. You'll see how transformers generate text one token at a time, how the model decides which earlier words matter most when predicting the next one, and how techniques like quantization speed up inference on GPUs. This is not a video-only course; interactive visualizations throughout let you play with these concepts and build intuition that sticks. Skills you'll gain: - Understand why LLMs hallucinate, and RAG and chain-of-thought shape what they generate - Look inside the model to see how attention and layers combine to predict the next token - Diagnose inference bottlenecks and learn the techniques that speed up transformers on GPUs Join and understand what's really happening inside your LLMs:

New course: Transformers in Practice. You'll get a practical view of how transformer-based LLMs work, so you can reason about their behavior, diagnose problems like slow inference, and make smarter decisions about deployment. This course is built in partnership with AMD and taught by Sharon Zhou. You'll see how transformers generate text one token at a time, how the model decides which earlier words matter most when predicting the next one, and how techniques like quantization speed up inference on GPUs. This is not a video-only course; interactive visualizations throughout let you play with these concepts and build intuition that sticks. Skills you'll gain: - Understand why LLMs hallucinate, and RAG and chain-of-thought shape what they generate - Look inside the model to see how attention and layers combine to predict the next token - Diagnose inference bottlenecks and learn the techniques that speed up transformers on GPUs Join and understand what's really happening inside your LLMs:

Andrew Ng

122,355 views • 3 months ago

New short course on advanced retrieval for RAG (retrieval augmented generation)! RAG fetches relevant documents to give context to an LLM. In Advanced Retrieval for AI with Chroma, taught by Chroma founder anton 🇺🇸, you’ll learn: (i) Query expansion using an LLM to rewrite and improve a query, by either generating either additional relevant queries or a hypothetical answer to the query. (ii) Reranking using a cross-encoder - a model trained to measure similarity between two inputs presented simultaneously. Reranking reorders retrieved documents based on the cross-encoder similarity measure. (iii) Constructing and training an Embedding Adaptor, which is a model that adapts the embedding values to be more relevant to your use case. Each of these techniques can help you build much better RAG systems. Please sign up for the course here:

New short course on advanced retrieval for RAG (retrieval augmented generation)! RAG fetches relevant documents to give context to an LLM. In Advanced Retrieval for AI with Chroma, taught by Chroma founder anton 🇺🇸, you’ll learn: (i) Query expansion using an LLM to rewrite and improve a query, by either generating either additional relevant queries or a hypothetical answer to the query. (ii) Reranking using a cross-encoder - a model trained to measure similarity between two inputs presented simultaneously. Reranking reorders retrieved documents based on the cross-encoder similarity measure. (iii) Constructing and training an Embedding Adaptor, which is a model that adapts the embedding values to be more relevant to your use case. Each of these techniques can help you build much better RAG systems. Please sign up for the course here:

Andrew Ng

191,219 views • 2 years ago

Vector databases are a key part of many LLM applications that need search or data retrieval, for example with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). Learn how they work + how to use them in our new short course, taught by Weaviate AI Database's Sebastia(N_) Witalec ✊🏽✊🏾✊🏿!

Vector databases are a key part of many LLM applications that need search or data retrieval, for example with Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). Learn how they work + how to use them in our new short course, taught by Weaviate AI Database's Sebastia(N_) Witalec ✊🏽✊🏾✊🏿!

Andrew Ng

420,683 views • 2 years ago

Production-ready RAG systems need observability. From tracking latency and throughput to evaluating response quality with human feedback or LLM-as-a-judge, robust observability gives you visibility into both system performance and output quality, on both a component and system-wide level. This lesson from our Retrieval Augmented Generation course breaks down the core components of an effective eval system and how to balance cost, automation, and accuracy when choosing your metrics. 📚 Learn more in the full course:

Production-ready RAG systems need observability. From tracking latency and throughput to evaluating response quality with human feedback or LLM-as-a-judge, robust observability gives you visibility into both system performance and output quality, on both a component and system-wide level. This lesson from our Retrieval Augmented Generation course breaks down the core components of an effective eval system and how to balance cost, automation, and accuracy when choosing your metrics. 📚 Learn more in the full course:

DeepLearning.AI

18,793 views • 6 months ago

New short course: Attention in Transformers: Concepts and Code in PyTorch. Last week we released a course on how LLM transformers work. This week, go deeper and learn about the technical ideas behind the attention mechanism, and see how to code it in PyTorch. This course is built with Joshua Starmer, Founder and CEO of StatQuest. The attention mechanism was a breakthrough that led to transformers, the architecture powering large language models like ChatGPT. Transformers, introduced in the 2017 paper: "Attention is All You Need" by Viswani and others, took off because of its highly scalable design. In this course, you’ll learn how the attention mechanism, a key element of transformer-based LLMs, works and implement it in PyTorch. You'll develop deep intuition about building reliable, functional, and scalable AI applications. What you will do: - Understand the evolution of the attention mechanism, a key breakthrough that led to transformers. - Learn the relationships between word embeddings, positional embeddings, and attention. - Learn about the Query, Key, and Value matrices, and how to produce and use them in attention. - Walk through the math required to calculate self-attention and masked self-attention to learn why and how they work. - Understand the difference between self-attention and masked self-attention and how one is used in the encoder to build context-aware embeddings and the other is used in the decoder for generative outputs. - Learn the details of the encoder-decoder architecture, cross-attention, and multi-head attention and how they are all incorporated into a transformer. - Use PyTorch to code a class that implements self-attention, masked self-attention, and multi-head attention. There're lots of exciting technical details in this course. Please sign up here:

New short course: Attention in Transformers: Concepts and Code in PyTorch. Last week we released a course on how LLM transformers work. This week, go deeper and learn about the technical ideas behind the attention mechanism, and see how to code it in PyTorch. This course is built with Joshua Starmer, Founder and CEO of StatQuest. The attention mechanism was a breakthrough that led to transformers, the architecture powering large language models like ChatGPT. Transformers, introduced in the 2017 paper: "Attention is All You Need" by Viswani and others, took off because of its highly scalable design. In this course, you’ll learn how the attention mechanism, a key element of transformer-based LLMs, works and implement it in PyTorch. You'll develop deep intuition about building reliable, functional, and scalable AI applications. What you will do: - Understand the evolution of the attention mechanism, a key breakthrough that led to transformers. - Learn the relationships between word embeddings, positional embeddings, and attention. - Learn about the Query, Key, and Value matrices, and how to produce and use them in attention. - Walk through the math required to calculate self-attention and masked self-attention to learn why and how they work. - Understand the difference between self-attention and masked self-attention and how one is used in the encoder to build context-aware embeddings and the other is used in the decoder for generative outputs. - Learn the details of the encoder-decoder architecture, cross-attention, and multi-head attention and how they are all incorporated into a transformer. - Use PyTorch to code a class that implements self-attention, masked self-attention, and multi-head attention. There're lots of exciting technical details in this course. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

132,285 views • 1 year ago

Tokenization -- turning text into a sequence of integers -- is a key part of generative AI, and most API providers charge per million tokens. How does tokenization work? Learn the details of tokenization and RAG optimization in Retrieval Optimization: From Tokenization to Vector Quantization, created in collaboration with Qdrant and taught by its Developer Relations Lead, Kacper Łukawski. This course focuses on Retrieval augmented generation (RAG), which has two steps: First, a retriever finds relevant information; then, the generator uses what’s retrieved as context to produce a response. You’ll learn to optimize the first step (the retriever) by understanding how tokenization works and how it impacts the relevance of your search. In addition, you will also learn to measure and improve retrieval quality, speed, and memory. In detail, you’ll: - Learn about the internal workings of the embedding models and how your text turns into vectors. - Understand how several tokenizers, such as Byte-Pair Encoding, WordPiece, Unigram, and SentencePiece work. - Explore common challenges with tokenizers, such as unknown tokens, domain-specific identifiers, and numerical values, that can negatively affect your vector search. - Understand how to measure the quality of your search across relevance, ranking, and score-related metrics. - Understand how the main parameters in "HNSW", a graph-based algorithm, affect the relevance and speed of vector search, and how to tune its parameters. - Experiment with the three major quantization methods – product, scalar, and binary – and learn how they impact memory requirements, search quality, and speed. By the end of this course, you’ll have a solid understanding of how tokenization functions and how to optimize vector search in your RAG systems. Please sign up here!

Tokenization -- turning text into a sequence of integers -- is a key part of generative AI, and most API providers charge per million tokens. How does tokenization work? Learn the details of tokenization and RAG optimization in Retrieval Optimization: From Tokenization to Vector Quantization, created in collaboration with Qdrant and taught by its Developer Relations Lead, Kacper Łukawski. This course focuses on Retrieval augmented generation (RAG), which has two steps: First, a retriever finds relevant information; then, the generator uses what’s retrieved as context to produce a response. You’ll learn to optimize the first step (the retriever) by understanding how tokenization works and how it impacts the relevance of your search. In addition, you will also learn to measure and improve retrieval quality, speed, and memory. In detail, you’ll: - Learn about the internal workings of the embedding models and how your text turns into vectors. - Understand how several tokenizers, such as Byte-Pair Encoding, WordPiece, Unigram, and SentencePiece work. - Explore common challenges with tokenizers, such as unknown tokens, domain-specific identifiers, and numerical values, that can negatively affect your vector search. - Understand how to measure the quality of your search across relevance, ranking, and score-related metrics. - Understand how the main parameters in "HNSW", a graph-based algorithm, affect the relevance and speed of vector search, and how to tune its parameters. - Experiment with the three major quantization methods – product, scalar, and binary – and learn how they impact memory requirements, search quality, and speed. By the end of this course, you’ll have a solid understanding of how tokenization functions and how to optimize vector search in your RAG systems. Please sign up here!

Andrew Ng

146,313 views • 1 year ago

Our new short course, Knowledge Graphs for RAG, is now available! Knowledge graphs are a data structure that is great at capturing complex relationships between data of multiple types. By enabling more sophisticated retrieval of text than similarity search alone, knowledge graphs can improve the context you pass to the LLM and the performance of your RAG applications. In this course, taught by Andreas Kollegger of Neo4j, you’ll - Explore how knowledge graphs work by building a graph of public financial documents from scratch - Learn to write queries that retrieve text and data from the graph and use it to enhance the context you pass to an LLM chatbot - Combine a knowledge graph with a question-answer chain to build better RAG-powered chat systems Sign up here!

Our new short course, Knowledge Graphs for RAG, is now available! Knowledge graphs are a data structure that is great at capturing complex relationships between data of multiple types. By enabling more sophisticated retrieval of text than similarity search alone, knowledge graphs can improve the context you pass to the LLM and the performance of your RAG applications. In this course, taught by Andreas Kollegger of Neo4j, you’ll - Explore how knowledge graphs work by building a graph of public financial documents from scratch - Learn to write queries that retrieve text and data from the graph and use it to enhance the context you pass to an LLM chatbot - Combine a knowledge graph with a question-answer chain to build better RAG-powered chat systems Sign up here!

Andrew Ng

244,403 views • 2 years ago

New short course: Building Multimodal Search and RAG", by Weaviate AI Database's Sebastia(N_) Witalec ✊🏽✊🏾✊🏿. Contrastive learning is used to train models to map vectors into an embedding space by pulling similar concepts closer together and pushing dissimilar concepts away from each other. This technique is also used to train multimodal embedding models that capture semantic similarity across different modalities like text, images, and audio. These multimodal embeddings can be used to build multimodal search and RAG systems. In this course, you'll learn how contrastive learning works, and how to add multimodality to RAG – so your models can draw on diverse, relevant context to answer questions. For example, a query about a financial report might synthesize information from text snippets, graphs, tables, and slides. You will also learn how visual instruction tuning lets you integrate image understanding into language models, and build a multi-vector recommender system using Weaviate’s open-source vector database. Please sign up here:

New short course: Building Multimodal Search and RAG", by Weaviate AI Database's Sebastia(N_) Witalec ✊🏽✊🏾✊🏿. Contrastive learning is used to train models to map vectors into an embedding space by pulling similar concepts closer together and pushing dissimilar concepts away from each other. This technique is also used to train multimodal embedding models that capture semantic similarity across different modalities like text, images, and audio. These multimodal embeddings can be used to build multimodal search and RAG systems. In this course, you'll learn how contrastive learning works, and how to add multimodality to RAG – so your models can draw on diverse, relevant context to answer questions. For example, a query about a financial report might synthesize information from text snippets, graphs, tables, and slides. You will also learn how visual instruction tuning lets you integrate image understanding into language models, and build a multi-vector recommender system using Weaviate’s open-source vector database. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

104,371 views • 2 years ago

In this short video, I explain the concept of RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) in a simple and easy-to-understand way. I hope it helps! Let me know your thoughts. The material is based on Prof. Tom Yeh's 'AI by Hand' resources.

In this short video, I explain the concept of RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) in a simple and easy-to-understand way. I hope it helps! Let me know your thoughts. The material is based on Prof. Tom Yeh's 'AI by Hand' resources.

Cornelius Adejoro

28,210 views • 1 year ago

Data preprocessing is critical for building effective RAG systems. Our new short course, Preprocessing Unstructured Data for LLM Applications, taught by Matt Robinson of Unstructured, demonstrates important but sometimes overlooked aspects of RAG systems: - How to extract and normalize content from diverse formats like PDF, Powerpoint, and HTML to expand your LLM's knowledge - Enriching data with metadata to enable more powerful retrieval and reasoning - Applying document layout analysis and vision transforms to process embedded images and tables Then you’ll use all these skills and build a RAG bot that draws from a corpus that includes PDF, PowerPoint, and Markdown documents. Please sign up here:

Data preprocessing is critical for building effective RAG systems. Our new short course, Preprocessing Unstructured Data for LLM Applications, taught by Matt Robinson of Unstructured, demonstrates important but sometimes overlooked aspects of RAG systems: - How to extract and normalize content from diverse formats like PDF, Powerpoint, and HTML to expand your LLM's knowledge - Enriching data with metadata to enable more powerful retrieval and reasoning - Applying document layout analysis and vision transforms to process embedded images and tables Then you’ll use all these skills and build a RAG bot that draws from a corpus that includes PDF, PowerPoint, and Markdown documents. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

150,362 views • 2 years ago

How to Make AI Models More Useful? Discover the potential of AI and blockchain, and how features like RAG and TEEs can help NEAR unlock its full potential to build the world's best truly open AI. TL;DR - RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) enhances AI agents by personalizing responses with relevant context. - Blockchain ensures transactions are processed transparently, efficiently, and securely. - NEAR Protocol is designed for AI, featuring a sharding architecture that supports high transaction volumes at low fees without compromising performance. It also offers privacy, user-owned data, and monetization opportunities. Study the NEAR stack, explore how to make AI models useful:

How to Make AI Models More Useful? Discover the potential of AI and blockchain, and how features like RAG and TEEs can help NEAR unlock its full potential to build the world's best truly open AI. TL;DR - RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) enhances AI agents by personalizing responses with relevant context. - Blockchain ensures transactions are processed transparently, efficiently, and securely. - NEAR Protocol is designed for AI, featuring a sharding architecture that supports high transaction volumes at low fees without compromising performance. It also offers privacy, user-owned data, and monetization opportunities. Study the NEAR stack, explore how to make AI models useful:

NEARWEEK

23,509 views • 1 year ago

LangChain: Chat with Your Data, a new free short course created with Harrison Chase, is now available! In this 1 hour course, you’ll learn how to build one of the most requested LLM-based applications: Answering questions using information from a document or collection of documents (often called Retrieval Augmented Generation). You'll also learn how to use vector stores and embeddings to retrieve document chunks relevant to a query. I hope you enjoy the course!

LangChain: Chat with Your Data, a new free short course created with Harrison Chase, is now available! In this 1 hour course, you’ll learn how to build one of the most requested LLM-based applications: Answering questions using information from a document or collection of documents (often called Retrieval Augmented Generation). You'll also learn how to use vector stores and embeddings to retrieve document chunks relevant to a query. I hope you enjoy the course!

Andrew Ng

384,282 views • 3 years ago

Traditional (SQL) databases rely primarily on keyword-based searches to retrieve information. These searches match the exact words or phrases in your query to the text stored in the database. While effective for many applications, this method has limitations when it comes to understanding context or finding relevant information that doesn’t include the exact keywords. Hybrid search combines the strengths of traditional keyword-based BM25 search with the advanced capabilities of semantic search. To effectively implement a hybrid search, a vector database is essential. Vector databases go beyond just words; they understand the meaning behind the data. They transform data such as text, images, or audio into numerical representations called vectors. These vector embeddings enable the database to find similar items, even if they don't share exact keywords. When you integrate hybrid search with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, you can achieve higher accuracy in retrieved context and better output in generated responses. Learn more about RAG systems in this video with Victoria Slocum:

Traditional (SQL) databases rely primarily on keyword-based searches to retrieve information. These searches match the exact words or phrases in your query to the text stored in the database. While effective for many applications, this method has limitations when it comes to understanding context or finding relevant information that doesn’t include the exact keywords. Hybrid search combines the strengths of traditional keyword-based BM25 search with the advanced capabilities of semantic search. To effectively implement a hybrid search, a vector database is essential. Vector databases go beyond just words; they understand the meaning behind the data. They transform data such as text, images, or audio into numerical representations called vectors. These vector embeddings enable the database to find similar items, even if they don't share exact keywords. When you integrate hybrid search with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems, you can achieve higher accuracy in retrieved context and better output in generated responses. Learn more about RAG systems in this video with Victoria Slocum:

Femke Plantinga

140,618 views • 2 years ago

New short course: Build Long-Context AI Apps with Jamba. Learn about state space models (SSMs), which have emerged as an alternative to transformers! Specifically, Jamba is a hybrid transformer-Mamba architecture that combines strengths of the transformer with ideas from SSMs. This course is built with AI21 Labs and taught by Chen Wang and Chen Almagor. The transformer architecture is computationally expensive when handling very long input contexts. But there's an alternative called Mamba, a selective state space model that can process very long contexts with a much lower computational cost. However, researchers found that the pure Mamba architecture underperforms in understanding the context, and gives lower-quality responses. To overcome this, AI21 developed the Jamba model, which combines Mamba's computational efficiency with the transformer's attention mechanism to help with the output quality. In this course, you’ll learn about how state space models, and Jamba, work. You’ll also learn how to prompt Jamba, use it to process long documents, and build long-context RAG apps. - Learn how Jamba combines transformer and state space model architectures to achieve high performance and quality - Use the AI21 SDK, with an example of prompting over a large 200k-token annual financial report of Nvidia - Use Jamba for tool-calling, with hands-on examples from calling simple arithmetic calculations to a function that returns quarterly company financial reports. - Learn how training for long context is done, and the metrics used for its evaluation - Create a RAG app using the AI21 Conversational RAG tool and build your own RAG pipeline that uses Jamba and LangChain. By the end of this course, you'll learn how to build applications that can handle context as long as an entire book. Please sign up here:

New short course: Build Long-Context AI Apps with Jamba. Learn about state space models (SSMs), which have emerged as an alternative to transformers! Specifically, Jamba is a hybrid transformer-Mamba architecture that combines strengths of the transformer with ideas from SSMs. This course is built with AI21 Labs and taught by Chen Wang and Chen Almagor. The transformer architecture is computationally expensive when handling very long input contexts. But there's an alternative called Mamba, a selective state space model that can process very long contexts with a much lower computational cost. However, researchers found that the pure Mamba architecture underperforms in understanding the context, and gives lower-quality responses. To overcome this, AI21 developed the Jamba model, which combines Mamba's computational efficiency with the transformer's attention mechanism to help with the output quality. In this course, you’ll learn about how state space models, and Jamba, work. You’ll also learn how to prompt Jamba, use it to process long documents, and build long-context RAG apps. - Learn how Jamba combines transformer and state space model architectures to achieve high performance and quality - Use the AI21 SDK, with an example of prompting over a large 200k-token annual financial report of Nvidia - Use Jamba for tool-calling, with hands-on examples from calling simple arithmetic calculations to a function that returns quarterly company financial reports. - Learn how training for long context is done, and the metrics used for its evaluation - Create a RAG app using the AI21 Conversational RAG tool and build your own RAG pipeline that uses Jamba and LangChain. By the end of this course, you'll learn how to build applications that can handle context as long as an entire book. Please sign up here:

Andrew Ng

77,792 views • 1 year ago

The future of AI is open-source. And ollama is the easiest way to build AI applications with open-source LLMs. Here's how to build a free, private RAG app using open-source tools. We'll use: - Ollama for LLMs and embedding models - PostgreSQL for data storage and retrieval - pgai Vectorizer for embedding creation and sync (I use Nomic for embeddings and tinnyllama as my LLM but you can substitute them for any models on Ollama)

The future of AI is open-source. And ollama is the easiest way to build AI applications with open-source LLMs. Here's how to build a free, private RAG app using open-source tools. We'll use: - Ollama for LLMs and embedding models - PostgreSQL for data storage and retrieval - pgai Vectorizer for embedding creation and sync (I use Nomic for embeddings and tinnyllama as my LLM but you can substitute them for any models on Ollama)

Avthar

34,261 views • 1 year ago

Robot AI brains, aka Vision-Language-Action models, cannot adapt to new tasks as easily as LLMs like Gemini, ChatGPT, or Grok. LLMs can adapt quickly with their in-context learning (ICL) capabilities. But can we inject ICL abilities into a pre-trained VLA like pi0? Yes! Introducing RICL (Retraining for In-Context Learning), our Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL) 2025 paper. Our RICL-pi0 model can adapt to unseen objects, novel motions, and new scenes with just ICL and RAG (retrieval-augmented generation). RICL-pi0 also boosts performance on the long-tail of tasks. A quick 1 minute video summary:

Robot AI brains, aka Vision-Language-Action models, cannot adapt to new tasks as easily as LLMs like Gemini, ChatGPT, or Grok. LLMs can adapt quickly with their in-context learning (ICL) capabilities. But can we inject ICL abilities into a pre-trained VLA like pi0? Yes! Introducing RICL (Retraining for In-Context Learning), our Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL) 2025 paper. Our RICL-pi0 model can adapt to unseen objects, novel motions, and new scenes with just ICL and RAG (retrieval-augmented generation). RICL-pi0 also boosts performance on the long-tail of tasks. A quick 1 minute video summary:

Kaustubh Sridhar

52,158 views • 11 months ago