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The next frontier in protein design will not be defined by structure alone, but by the capacity to engineer motion as a first-class principle of function. This is because dynamics is where the real biology lives. Foundational work by Karplus, Levitt & Warshel made clear that chemistry cannot be...

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Markus J. Buehler

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We're thrilled to present ESM3 in Science Magazine. ESM3 is a generative language model that reasons over the three fundamental properties of proteins: sequence, structure, and function. Today we're making ESM3 available free to researchers worldwide via the public beta of an API for biological intelligence. Trained with over a trillion teraflops of compute, this is the first time a model of this scale has been trained for biology, pushing the frontier of AI for biological discovery and engineering. ESM3 learns to represent the immense complexity of protein biology, learning from billions of natural proteins. From this training it developed the capability to design proteins, responding to complex prompts combining atomic level details and high level instructions to generate new proteins. ESM3 can explore protein space far beyond natural evolution. We prompted ESM3 to generate a fluorescent protein at a far distance from any known fluorescent proteins, searching an unknown region of protein space, to discover a new fluorescent protein. We estimate this is equivalent to simulating five hundred million years of evolution.
1:31

We're thrilled to present ESM3 in Science Magazine. ESM3 is a generative language model that reasons over the three fundamental properties of proteins: sequence, structure, and function. Today we're making ESM3 available free to researchers worldwide via the public beta of an API for biological intelligence. Trained with over a trillion teraflops of compute, this is the first time a model of this scale has been trained for biology, pushing the frontier of AI for biological discovery and engineering. ESM3 learns to represent the immense complexity of protein biology, learning from billions of natural proteins. From this training it developed the capability to design proteins, responding to complex prompts combining atomic level details and high level instructions to generate new proteins. ESM3 can explore protein space far beyond natural evolution. We prompted ESM3 to generate a fluorescent protein at a far distance from any known fluorescent proteins, searching an unknown region of protein space, to discover a new fluorescent protein. We estimate this is equivalent to simulating five hundred million years of evolution.

Alex Rives

227,379 views • 1 year ago

This is how DNA turns coded information into functional proteins - the building blocks of the nanomachines that keep the cells in your body alive. This complex process highlights the sophisticated interconnected systems of Life which must all exist together from the beginning, or Life doesn't happen. First, an RNA molecule is copied from a short segment of DNA. Without the specifically ordered DNA information, RNA cannot form, proteins cannot be built, cells stop working, and life ceases to exist. Life is information first. Once the RNA Molecule is created, it gets ejected from the Polymerase where it was built, and it travels through a complex molecular machine called a Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), which is an information recognition device that controls the flow of information in and out of a cell's nucleus. The NPC is highly complex - composed of about 500-1,000 protein subunits, derived from a set of about 35 distinct proteins. Without this molecular machine, there is no regulation for what goes in and out of the cell's nucleus, which would lead to catastrophic death for the cell. It must exist for cells to exist. Once the RNA Molecule passes through the NPC, it travels to the Ribosome, a 2-part chemical factory which reads the information on RNA and uses it to construct functional proteins using a specifically sequenced chain of amino acids. Once complete, this protein will then be sent to the section of the cell it belongs to integrate into another molecular machine and do its job. The Ribosome is another highly complex molecular machine - consisting of between 56-80 proteins. Without this molecular machines, proteins cannot be built. Proteins are the building blocks of every cell in every organism on Earth. Without Ribosomes, Life doesn't exist. If you're paying attention, you'll start to realize that Life relies on a highly sophisticated interdependent network of complex machines, which all rely on each other for the function of the system. DNA requires the cell for stability, but the cell requires the proteins for its structure and function, but those proteins require DNA and RNA to be built - it's a circle of necessary interdependence. Systems like this cannot be built by evolutionary processes, which requires that each piece of the process is built by gradual incremental means over lots of time. Without all the pieces there, from the beginning, none of it works. There is only one known source of complex & interdependent informational systems like those we find in life: and that is from Intelligence. Molecular Biology is the best and most obvious evidence of the Intelligent Design in Life.
0:55

This is how DNA turns coded information into functional proteins - the building blocks of the nanomachines that keep the cells in your body alive. This complex process highlights the sophisticated interconnected systems of Life which must all exist together from the beginning, or Life doesn't happen. First, an RNA molecule is copied from a short segment of DNA. Without the specifically ordered DNA information, RNA cannot form, proteins cannot be built, cells stop working, and life ceases to exist. Life is information first. Once the RNA Molecule is created, it gets ejected from the Polymerase where it was built, and it travels through a complex molecular machine called a Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), which is an information recognition device that controls the flow of information in and out of a cell's nucleus. The NPC is highly complex - composed of about 500-1,000 protein subunits, derived from a set of about 35 distinct proteins. Without this molecular machine, there is no regulation for what goes in and out of the cell's nucleus, which would lead to catastrophic death for the cell. It must exist for cells to exist. Once the RNA Molecule passes through the NPC, it travels to the Ribosome, a 2-part chemical factory which reads the information on RNA and uses it to construct functional proteins using a specifically sequenced chain of amino acids. Once complete, this protein will then be sent to the section of the cell it belongs to integrate into another molecular machine and do its job. The Ribosome is another highly complex molecular machine - consisting of between 56-80 proteins. Without this molecular machines, proteins cannot be built. Proteins are the building blocks of every cell in every organism on Earth. Without Ribosomes, Life doesn't exist. If you're paying attention, you'll start to realize that Life relies on a highly sophisticated interdependent network of complex machines, which all rely on each other for the function of the system. DNA requires the cell for stability, but the cell requires the proteins for its structure and function, but those proteins require DNA and RNA to be built - it's a circle of necessary interdependence. Systems like this cannot be built by evolutionary processes, which requires that each piece of the process is built by gradual incremental means over lots of time. Without all the pieces there, from the beginning, none of it works. There is only one known source of complex & interdependent informational systems like those we find in life: and that is from Intelligence. Molecular Biology is the best and most obvious evidence of the Intelligent Design in Life.

Divinely Designed

62,517 views • 7 months ago

Proof that Life is Intelligently Designed: Proteins. They do everything in your cells that keeps you alive. These microscopic molecules must have been created. Here is why: Proteins are the building blocks of all the little nano-machines that make up your cells. They do all the major work in your body - from creating energy to recycling waste. Proteins are made from amino acids connected into a specific sequence and then folded into a functional shape. You can think of a protein like a paragraph, and amino acids as the individual letters that spell out the words. Here is where it gets interesting... There are just 20 amino acids used in all of Life. Just 20 amino acids. Responsible for ~200 million unique proteins making up tens of thousands of cell types across Life. And scientists are constantly finding new ones. Scientists categorize proteins into Families. Protein Families are groups of proteins that share amino acid sequence similarities. There are ~22,000 Protein Families. Here's the part that screams they are designed... Protein Families have no evolutionary history. Even evolutionist scientists agree - they are absolutely unique. It's been said that proteins are like stars in a galaxy, and families are like galaxies, with vast empty space between them. Evolution is supposed to build by tweaking things that already exist. But no evolutionary history connects fundamentally distinct protein families. Experiments have been done to intentionally evolve one protein family into another. They fail every time. One protein family cannot be evolved into another. They cannot arise through evolution. But the math really makes it impossible... The odds of evolution finding even a single functional protein family is 1 chance in 10^77 possible amino acid sequences. That's a 1 with 77 zeroes. The odds of evolution finding 22,000 distinct protein families? Roughly 1 chance in 10^1,694,000. You don't need to be a mathematician to understand that this is impossible. Evolution works by random mutations tweaking what's already there. But protein families can't evolve from one another. And the math makes it absolutely absurd to believe. Monkeys banging on keyboards will never type out Shakespeare. And random mutations in sequences of amino acids could never create a single functional protein family. There is only one thing we know of that creates functionally specified sequences: Intelligence. Now here is the final cherry on top: Proteins are built by other proteins, assembled into a complex machine to do a job in cells. The assembly instructions for those proteins and the machines are found in DNA. But DNA requires protein machines for replication & repair. So DNA is required to make Proteins... ...but Proteins are required to make DNA *and* more Proteins. You can't have one without the other. They rely on each other. Which means one couldn't have evolved and then waited for the other. They couldn't do anything without each other. They had to be created at the same time to function together. Life was Divinely Designed. Proteins prove it.
0:38

Proof that Life is Intelligently Designed: Proteins. They do everything in your cells that keeps you alive. These microscopic molecules must have been created. Here is why: Proteins are the building blocks of all the little nano-machines that make up your cells. They do all the major work in your body - from creating energy to recycling waste. Proteins are made from amino acids connected into a specific sequence and then folded into a functional shape. You can think of a protein like a paragraph, and amino acids as the individual letters that spell out the words. Here is where it gets interesting... There are just 20 amino acids used in all of Life. Just 20 amino acids. Responsible for ~200 million unique proteins making up tens of thousands of cell types across Life. And scientists are constantly finding new ones. Scientists categorize proteins into Families. Protein Families are groups of proteins that share amino acid sequence similarities. There are ~22,000 Protein Families. Here's the part that screams they are designed... Protein Families have no evolutionary history. Even evolutionist scientists agree - they are absolutely unique. It's been said that proteins are like stars in a galaxy, and families are like galaxies, with vast empty space between them. Evolution is supposed to build by tweaking things that already exist. But no evolutionary history connects fundamentally distinct protein families. Experiments have been done to intentionally evolve one protein family into another. They fail every time. One protein family cannot be evolved into another. They cannot arise through evolution. But the math really makes it impossible... The odds of evolution finding even a single functional protein family is 1 chance in 10^77 possible amino acid sequences. That's a 1 with 77 zeroes. The odds of evolution finding 22,000 distinct protein families? Roughly 1 chance in 10^1,694,000. You don't need to be a mathematician to understand that this is impossible. Evolution works by random mutations tweaking what's already there. But protein families can't evolve from one another. And the math makes it absolutely absurd to believe. Monkeys banging on keyboards will never type out Shakespeare. And random mutations in sequences of amino acids could never create a single functional protein family. There is only one thing we know of that creates functionally specified sequences: Intelligence. Now here is the final cherry on top: Proteins are built by other proteins, assembled into a complex machine to do a job in cells. The assembly instructions for those proteins and the machines are found in DNA. But DNA requires protein machines for replication & repair. So DNA is required to make Proteins... ...but Proteins are required to make DNA *and* more Proteins. You can't have one without the other. They rely on each other. Which means one couldn't have evolved and then waited for the other. They couldn't do anything without each other. They had to be created at the same time to function together. Life was Divinely Designed. Proteins prove it.

Divinely Designed

18,886 views • 1 month ago

What seemed like an intractable problem is now possible: To design proteins with a specified nonlinear mechanical response, capturing complex folding and unfolding mechanisms in singe and few-shot computations. We present ForceGen, an end-to-end algorithm for de novo protein generation based on nonlinear mechanical unfolding responses. Rooted in the physics of protein mechanics, this generative strategy provides a powerful way to design new proteins rapidly, including exquisite and rapid predictions about their dynamical behavior. Proteins, like any other mechanical object, respond to forces in peculiar ways. Think of the different response you'd get from pulling on a steel cable versus pulling on a rubber band, or the difference between honey and glass. Now, we can design proteins with a set of desirable mechanical characteristics, with applications from health to sustainable plastics. The key to solving this problem was to integrate a protein language model with denoising diffusion methods, and using accurate atomistic-level physical simulation data to endow the model a first-principles understanding. ForceGen can solve both forward and inverse tasks: In the forward task, we can predict how stable a protein is, how it will unfold and what the forces involved are, all given just the sequence of amino acids. In the inverse task, we can design new proteins that meet complex nonlinear mechanical signature targets. Read the paper, led by LAMM@MIT postdoc Bo Ni, published in Science Advances: Why do we care about the mechanics of proteins? The mechanics of proteins are critical elements of many living systems - as evidenced in many studies of mechanobiology. Through evolution, nature has presented a set of remarkable protein materials with unique mechanical functions like elastins, silks, keratins or collagens that play crucial roles in biology. However, going beyond natural designs to discover proteins that meet specified mechanical properties remains challenging. So far, the only way to do this was to use existing evolutionary concepts or to manually alter proteins. With our new generative model we can directly design proteins to meet complex nonlinear mechanical property-design objectives. ForceGen leverages deep knowledge on protein sequences from a pretrained protein language model and maps mechanical unfolding responses to create proteins. Via full-atom molecular simulations for direct validation from physical and chemical principles, we demonstrate that the designed proteins are de novo, and fulfill the targeted mechanical properties, including unfolding energy and mechanical strength, and a detailed unfolding force-separation curves. ForceGen offers rapid pathways to explore the enormous mechanobiological protein sequence space unconstrained by biological synthesis, to enable the discovery of new protein materials with superior mechanical properties. B. Ni, D.L. Kaplan, M.J. Buehler, ForceGen: End-to-end de novo protein generation based on nonlinear mechanical unfolding responses using a language diffusion model. Sci. Adv. 10, eadl4000 (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl4000 Codes and model weights available Hugging Face: David Kaplan
0:33

What seemed like an intractable problem is now possible: To design proteins with a specified nonlinear mechanical response, capturing complex folding and unfolding mechanisms in singe and few-shot computations. We present ForceGen, an end-to-end algorithm for de novo protein generation based on nonlinear mechanical unfolding responses. Rooted in the physics of protein mechanics, this generative strategy provides a powerful way to design new proteins rapidly, including exquisite and rapid predictions about their dynamical behavior. Proteins, like any other mechanical object, respond to forces in peculiar ways. Think of the different response you'd get from pulling on a steel cable versus pulling on a rubber band, or the difference between honey and glass. Now, we can design proteins with a set of desirable mechanical characteristics, with applications from health to sustainable plastics. The key to solving this problem was to integrate a protein language model with denoising diffusion methods, and using accurate atomistic-level physical simulation data to endow the model a first-principles understanding. ForceGen can solve both forward and inverse tasks: In the forward task, we can predict how stable a protein is, how it will unfold and what the forces involved are, all given just the sequence of amino acids. In the inverse task, we can design new proteins that meet complex nonlinear mechanical signature targets. Read the paper, led by LAMM@MIT postdoc Bo Ni, published in Science Advances: Why do we care about the mechanics of proteins? The mechanics of proteins are critical elements of many living systems - as evidenced in many studies of mechanobiology. Through evolution, nature has presented a set of remarkable protein materials with unique mechanical functions like elastins, silks, keratins or collagens that play crucial roles in biology. However, going beyond natural designs to discover proteins that meet specified mechanical properties remains challenging. So far, the only way to do this was to use existing evolutionary concepts or to manually alter proteins. With our new generative model we can directly design proteins to meet complex nonlinear mechanical property-design objectives. ForceGen leverages deep knowledge on protein sequences from a pretrained protein language model and maps mechanical unfolding responses to create proteins. Via full-atom molecular simulations for direct validation from physical and chemical principles, we demonstrate that the designed proteins are de novo, and fulfill the targeted mechanical properties, including unfolding energy and mechanical strength, and a detailed unfolding force-separation curves. ForceGen offers rapid pathways to explore the enormous mechanobiological protein sequence space unconstrained by biological synthesis, to enable the discovery of new protein materials with superior mechanical properties. B. Ni, D.L. Kaplan, M.J. Buehler, ForceGen: End-to-end de novo protein generation based on nonlinear mechanical unfolding responses using a language diffusion model. Sci. Adv. 10, eadl4000 (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl4000 Codes and model weights available Hugging Face: David Kaplan

Markus J. Buehler

47,242 views • 2 years ago

Yuval Noah Harari, speaking at the WEF: "Control of data might enable human elites to do something even more radical than just build digital dictatorships." "By hacking organisms, elites may gain the power to re-engineer the future of life itself." "If indeed we succeed in hacking and engineering life, this will be not just the greatest revolution in the history of humanity, this will be the greatest revolution in biology." "Science is replacing evolution by natural selection with evolution by intelligent design—not the intelligent design of some god above the clouds, but our intelligent design, and the intelligent design of our clouds: the IBM cloud, the Microsoft cloud." "These are the new driving forces of evolution."
1:38

Yuval Noah Harari, speaking at the WEF: "Control of data might enable human elites to do something even more radical than just build digital dictatorships." "By hacking organisms, elites may gain the power to re-engineer the future of life itself." "If indeed we succeed in hacking and engineering life, this will be not just the greatest revolution in the history of humanity, this will be the greatest revolution in biology." "Science is replacing evolution by natural selection with evolution by intelligent design—not the intelligent design of some god above the clouds, but our intelligent design, and the intelligent design of our clouds: the IBM cloud, the Microsoft cloud." "These are the new driving forces of evolution."

Wide Awake Media

202,306 views • 1 year ago

NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang just gave us a glimpse into the future of AI, and it's far bigger than text and images. He asked: "If you can understand worlds, is it possible that you understand proteins and chemicals that have structure?” This is the quiet revolution happening in AI right now. We're moving from an AI that understands human language to an AI that understands the language of nature itself. The "letters" are atoms. The "words" are molecules. The "sentences" are the complex structures of life, networks, and reality. The same foundational models that generate video are now being used to: *Decode proteins to fight disease *Design new materials at the atomic level *Simulate complex systems in quantum computing These were once the domain of supercomputers and Nobel laureates. Now, they're becoming solvable problems for a new generation of startups. AI is transitioning from a tool for communication to a tool for creation and discovery in the physical world. This is where the next wave of generational companies will be built. The "hard-to-solve" problems are now within reach.
2:14

NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang just gave us a glimpse into the future of AI, and it's far bigger than text and images. He asked: "If you can understand worlds, is it possible that you understand proteins and chemicals that have structure?” This is the quiet revolution happening in AI right now. We're moving from an AI that understands human language to an AI that understands the language of nature itself. The "letters" are atoms. The "words" are molecules. The "sentences" are the complex structures of life, networks, and reality. The same foundational models that generate video are now being used to: *Decode proteins to fight disease *Design new materials at the atomic level *Simulate complex systems in quantum computing These were once the domain of supercomputers and Nobel laureates. Now, they're becoming solvable problems for a new generation of startups. AI is transitioning from a tool for communication to a tool for creation and discovery in the physical world. This is where the next wave of generational companies will be built. The "hard-to-solve" problems are now within reach.

Konstantine Buhler

13,014 views • 9 months ago

This is how DNA turns raw data into functional proteins - the building blocks of all your cells. This system requires a minimum of 3 key players working together: DNA: the master blueprint with the instructions RNA Polymerase: reads the DNA and makes a temporary copy called mRNA which carries the instructions to the Ribosome for how to create the Protein Ribosome: the tiny factory that reads the mRNA and strings amino acids together in a specific sequence to create a protein Without all three molecules working together, Proteins cannot be created, cells don't function, and Life ends. Everything needs to fit together, precisely & perfectly, or it all falls apart. In other words: this system cannot evolve, one step at a time. DNA relies other machines made of proteins to create those very proteins - but those proteins can't be made without the information in the DNA. And on top of that, this whole system relies on OTHER systems! You need other things like ATP Synthase that makes energy to power everything, tRNA to carry the amino acids to the Ribosome, other helper proteins, processing enzymes, etc. It's an extremely complex, interdependent network of parts & systems that all rely on each other. The cell is an astounding level of complexity that surpasses anything in human engineering. It's obvious this is intelligently designed. To deny that is absurd.
2:15

This is how DNA turns raw data into functional proteins - the building blocks of all your cells. This system requires a minimum of 3 key players working together: DNA: the master blueprint with the instructions RNA Polymerase: reads the DNA and makes a temporary copy called mRNA which carries the instructions to the Ribosome for how to create the Protein Ribosome: the tiny factory that reads the mRNA and strings amino acids together in a specific sequence to create a protein Without all three molecules working together, Proteins cannot be created, cells don't function, and Life ends. Everything needs to fit together, precisely & perfectly, or it all falls apart. In other words: this system cannot evolve, one step at a time. DNA relies other machines made of proteins to create those very proteins - but those proteins can't be made without the information in the DNA. And on top of that, this whole system relies on OTHER systems! You need other things like ATP Synthase that makes energy to power everything, tRNA to carry the amino acids to the Ribosome, other helper proteins, processing enzymes, etc. It's an extremely complex, interdependent network of parts & systems that all rely on each other. The cell is an astounding level of complexity that surpasses anything in human engineering. It's obvious this is intelligently designed. To deny that is absurd.

Divinely Designed

22,903 views • 7 months ago

Russian Genius Found Structure in The Mess of Turbulence In 1941, Andrey Kolmogorov proposed a simple but powerful picture of turbulence: Energy does not disappear where it is injected but moves. Large eddies pass energy to smaller ones, those smaller ones feed even finer motion, and viscosity finally removes it at the tiniest scales. That cascade picture became one of the foundations of modern turbulence theory. The point is not just that turbulence looks messy. The point is that the mess has structure, and Kolmogorov’s great insight was to treat that structure statistically.
0:30

Russian Genius Found Structure in The Mess of Turbulence In 1941, Andrey Kolmogorov proposed a simple but powerful picture of turbulence: Energy does not disappear where it is injected but moves. Large eddies pass energy to smaller ones, those smaller ones feed even finer motion, and viscosity finally removes it at the tiniest scales. That cascade picture became one of the foundations of modern turbulence theory. The point is not just that turbulence looks messy. The point is that the mess has structure, and Kolmogorov’s great insight was to treat that structure statistically.

Mathelirium

58,963 views • 4 months ago

There is something truly remarkable about the third movement of Ludwig van Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27 No. 2. It is one of the most famous piano movements in the world. Yet if we try to find a simple melody that can be easily hummed, we may notice something fascinating: this movement is not built around a memorable melody in the usual sense. There is no long, gentle singing line. There is no simple theme that immediately settles into the listener’s memory. Instead, Beethoven creates a world of intense motion: notes rushing forward without rest, powerful chords filled with tension, and waves of sound constantly rising and colliding with one another. So what gives this movement such extraordinary vitality after more than two centuries? The answer does not lie in how many notes Beethoven wrote. It lies in the way he transformed the smallest elements into a tremendous source of energy. Beethoven did not write this movement merely for listeners to remember a melody. He wrote it so they could feel a force in motion. From the very first notes of the Presto agitato, Beethoven draws the listener into a world without rest. The broken chords of C-sharp minor (C♯–E–G♯) continuously move across the keyboard. Taken individually, these notes are not extraordinary. But Beethoven was not concerned with the power of each single note. He was concerned with the relationship between them. One note leads naturally to the next. One small movement creates a larger movement. A continuous stream of sound emerges, like a force that cannot be stopped. This is one of Beethoven’s greatest artistic secrets: his ability to take simple materials and transform them into an idea of immense scale. Like a small seed that grows into a great tree, a few basic notes in Beethoven’s hands can become an entire world of emotional depth. When listening to this movement, many people are first captivated by its speed. The endless rushing passages of the piano create the impression of a storm gathering strength. But speed itself is not the true source of power. If it contained only rapid notes, the music might impress us for a moment but would struggle to become a lasting masterpiece. What makes Beethoven different is that he transforms speed into an expression of will. Above, the right hand moves continuously like an unstoppable current of energy. Yet beneath it, the left hand provides strong accents, creating a sense of weight and stability. One side represents movement. The other represents gravity. One force pushes forward. The other prevents the entire structure from collapsing. It is this contrast that creates the feeling of a tremendous power under control. Not a chaotic storm. But a storm with form. One of Beethoven’s deepest principles lies in the way he uses tension. The music constantly creates the feeling that it is searching for a place to return. The harmonies are not completely settled. The changes in harmony leave the listener with a sense of anticipation: what will happen next? When will this stream of energy finally be released? Yet Beethoven does not rush toward the answer. He holds the listener in this state of expectation long enough so that when balance finally appears, it carries greater meaning. This is not only a principle of music. It reflects a profound human experience. We often recognize the value of peace more clearly after passing through turbulence. Calmness has little meaning if we have never experienced tension. Light becomes more visible when it appears after darkness. The most remarkable aspect of this movement is that Beethoven never allows emotion to destroy form. On the surface, the music is intense and forceful, but beneath it lies an extraordinarily disciplined structure. The movement follows the principles of sonata form: an idea is introduced, developed, transformed, and eventually returns in a new state. Small motifs repeatedly appear, but each return carries a different meaning. Repetition does not mean standing still. It becomes the foundation for growth. This is also a principle found throughout nature. A river remains a river, yet the water within it is always moving. A heartbeat repeats itself, yet that repetition is what sustains life. Beethoven works in the same way. He does not create greatness by constantly searching for something new. Instead, he discovers depth by developing his original ideas until they reach their fullest expression. The beauty of the third movement of the Moonlight Sonata is not only found in the music itself. It reflects a broader principle. In nature, the strongest forces are often not forces without order. A storm may have tremendous destructive power, yet it still follows the laws of the atmosphere. A mountain remains standing not because it is untouched by forces, but because its internal structure is strong enough to withstand pressure. A healthy body does not exist because nothing changes, but because millions of small processes work together within a shared order. Beethoven achieves the same thing through sound. He takes thousands of small finger movements, hundreds of relationships between notes, and transforms them into a unified structure with direction and purpose. He does not eliminate conflict. He organizes conflict. He does not weaken power. He creates a form large enough to contain it. What distinguishes great artists in the classical tradition is not only technical mastery. It is their ability to perceive the inner structure of a work. In Murray Perahia’s interpretation, listeners do not experience only the speed and intensity of the movement. They also sense the balance beneath it: the precision of rhythm, the logic of harmonic movement, and the connection between each small part and the entire architectural design. Perahia does not attempt to make Beethoven more dramatic than he already is. Instead, he allows Beethoven’s own structure to reveal its strength. Because a great performer does not stand before a work to overshadow it. They become a means through which the inner beauty of the composition can be revealed more clearly. If we were to search for a single principle that defines the greatness of this movement, perhaps it would be this: A great power, when placed within a great order, becomes beauty. Beethoven does not transform anger, tension, and conflict into something softer. He preserves their full force, but builds a structure strong enough to carry them. Therefore, what listeners experience is not merely fingers racing across the keys. They experience something deeper: a storm that still has a shape, an energy that still possesses order, and a struggle that can become beauty. That is why the third movement of the Moonlight Sonata continues to move people across generations. Because behind those powerful sounds is not only a display of technical brilliance. It is an image of a fundamental principle of life: The greatest strength is not strength without control. It is strength that discovers the perfect form of its own expression.
6:44

There is something truly remarkable about the third movement of Ludwig van Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27 No. 2. It is one of the most famous piano movements in the world. Yet if we try to find a simple melody that can be easily hummed, we may notice something fascinating: this movement is not built around a memorable melody in the usual sense. There is no long, gentle singing line. There is no simple theme that immediately settles into the listener’s memory. Instead, Beethoven creates a world of intense motion: notes rushing forward without rest, powerful chords filled with tension, and waves of sound constantly rising and colliding with one another. So what gives this movement such extraordinary vitality after more than two centuries? The answer does not lie in how many notes Beethoven wrote. It lies in the way he transformed the smallest elements into a tremendous source of energy. Beethoven did not write this movement merely for listeners to remember a melody. He wrote it so they could feel a force in motion. From the very first notes of the Presto agitato, Beethoven draws the listener into a world without rest. The broken chords of C-sharp minor (C♯–E–G♯) continuously move across the keyboard. Taken individually, these notes are not extraordinary. But Beethoven was not concerned with the power of each single note. He was concerned with the relationship between them. One note leads naturally to the next. One small movement creates a larger movement. A continuous stream of sound emerges, like a force that cannot be stopped. This is one of Beethoven’s greatest artistic secrets: his ability to take simple materials and transform them into an idea of immense scale. Like a small seed that grows into a great tree, a few basic notes in Beethoven’s hands can become an entire world of emotional depth. When listening to this movement, many people are first captivated by its speed. The endless rushing passages of the piano create the impression of a storm gathering strength. But speed itself is not the true source of power. If it contained only rapid notes, the music might impress us for a moment but would struggle to become a lasting masterpiece. What makes Beethoven different is that he transforms speed into an expression of will. Above, the right hand moves continuously like an unstoppable current of energy. Yet beneath it, the left hand provides strong accents, creating a sense of weight and stability. One side represents movement. The other represents gravity. One force pushes forward. The other prevents the entire structure from collapsing. It is this contrast that creates the feeling of a tremendous power under control. Not a chaotic storm. But a storm with form. One of Beethoven’s deepest principles lies in the way he uses tension. The music constantly creates the feeling that it is searching for a place to return. The harmonies are not completely settled. The changes in harmony leave the listener with a sense of anticipation: what will happen next? When will this stream of energy finally be released? Yet Beethoven does not rush toward the answer. He holds the listener in this state of expectation long enough so that when balance finally appears, it carries greater meaning. This is not only a principle of music. It reflects a profound human experience. We often recognize the value of peace more clearly after passing through turbulence. Calmness has little meaning if we have never experienced tension. Light becomes more visible when it appears after darkness. The most remarkable aspect of this movement is that Beethoven never allows emotion to destroy form. On the surface, the music is intense and forceful, but beneath it lies an extraordinarily disciplined structure. The movement follows the principles of sonata form: an idea is introduced, developed, transformed, and eventually returns in a new state. Small motifs repeatedly appear, but each return carries a different meaning. Repetition does not mean standing still. It becomes the foundation for growth. This is also a principle found throughout nature. A river remains a river, yet the water within it is always moving. A heartbeat repeats itself, yet that repetition is what sustains life. Beethoven works in the same way. He does not create greatness by constantly searching for something new. Instead, he discovers depth by developing his original ideas until they reach their fullest expression. The beauty of the third movement of the Moonlight Sonata is not only found in the music itself. It reflects a broader principle. In nature, the strongest forces are often not forces without order. A storm may have tremendous destructive power, yet it still follows the laws of the atmosphere. A mountain remains standing not because it is untouched by forces, but because its internal structure is strong enough to withstand pressure. A healthy body does not exist because nothing changes, but because millions of small processes work together within a shared order. Beethoven achieves the same thing through sound. He takes thousands of small finger movements, hundreds of relationships between notes, and transforms them into a unified structure with direction and purpose. He does not eliminate conflict. He organizes conflict. He does not weaken power. He creates a form large enough to contain it. What distinguishes great artists in the classical tradition is not only technical mastery. It is their ability to perceive the inner structure of a work. In Murray Perahia’s interpretation, listeners do not experience only the speed and intensity of the movement. They also sense the balance beneath it: the precision of rhythm, the logic of harmonic movement, and the connection between each small part and the entire architectural design. Perahia does not attempt to make Beethoven more dramatic than he already is. Instead, he allows Beethoven’s own structure to reveal its strength. Because a great performer does not stand before a work to overshadow it. They become a means through which the inner beauty of the composition can be revealed more clearly. If we were to search for a single principle that defines the greatness of this movement, perhaps it would be this: A great power, when placed within a great order, becomes beauty. Beethoven does not transform anger, tension, and conflict into something softer. He preserves their full force, but builds a structure strong enough to carry them. Therefore, what listeners experience is not merely fingers racing across the keys. They experience something deeper: a storm that still has a shape, an energy that still possesses order, and a struggle that can become beauty. That is why the third movement of the Moonlight Sonata continues to move people across generations. Because behind those powerful sounds is not only a display of technical brilliance. It is an image of a fundamental principle of life: The greatest strength is not strength without control. It is strength that discovers the perfect form of its own expression.

🎼🌺Music Love♥️

18,881 views • 27 days ago

This is a Kinesin Molecule. These little molecular machines are commonly referred to as the "workhorse" of the cell, hauling important cargo like organelles, proteins and other cellular structures to their proper location within the cell. Kinesins are very clear & undeniable evidence of the intelligent design in Life. Kinesins are complex molecular machines, made up of 4 total proteins, each between 500-1,300 amino acids in length. If these aa sequences are not perfectly aligned from the beginning, Kinesin never forms, and cellular life would be unable to survive. Here is how they work: When a new protein, organelle, or other cellular structure is created in the Cytosol of the cell, they are constructed with built-in "binding tags," which are like shipping labels that bind to other protein molecules called Adaptor or Scaffold Proteins. These Adaptor/Scaffold Proteins then attach to the Kinesin's tail, which activates them, and then the Kinesin is guided along the microtubule track to its to its final destination. Kinesin walk on self-assembling tracks of other proteins, called microtubules, moving cargo from the inner area of the cell where they are constructed to the outer edges where they function. This is a complex & sophisticated interdependent network of molecular machines, all relying on one another to function properly for the health of the cell. This Intracellular Transportation system MUST be fully functional from the beginning - with all these working parts, or all of it fails, and the cell dies. Without this entire functioning system, Life could not exist. And the Kinesin is the centerpiece to all of it. Experiments have shown that disrupting Kinesin activity has catastrophic consequences. This type of nano-precision is an obvious example of designed engineering. Blind, unguided evolutionary processes cannot plan ahead and create complex informational highways for precision transportation. The proposed evolutionary explanation is simply "co-option." A nebulous term which basically amounts to, "We don't know how it evolved, but it must have evolved from some other thing that was similar in the past." No observational data supports evolutionary co-option. It's absurd to believe any part of this was built by blind chance. Everything in the cell points to Intelligent Design.
0:59

This is a Kinesin Molecule. These little molecular machines are commonly referred to as the "workhorse" of the cell, hauling important cargo like organelles, proteins and other cellular structures to their proper location within the cell. Kinesins are very clear & undeniable evidence of the intelligent design in Life. Kinesins are complex molecular machines, made up of 4 total proteins, each between 500-1,300 amino acids in length. If these aa sequences are not perfectly aligned from the beginning, Kinesin never forms, and cellular life would be unable to survive. Here is how they work: When a new protein, organelle, or other cellular structure is created in the Cytosol of the cell, they are constructed with built-in "binding tags," which are like shipping labels that bind to other protein molecules called Adaptor or Scaffold Proteins. These Adaptor/Scaffold Proteins then attach to the Kinesin's tail, which activates them, and then the Kinesin is guided along the microtubule track to its to its final destination. Kinesin walk on self-assembling tracks of other proteins, called microtubules, moving cargo from the inner area of the cell where they are constructed to the outer edges where they function. This is a complex & sophisticated interdependent network of molecular machines, all relying on one another to function properly for the health of the cell. This Intracellular Transportation system MUST be fully functional from the beginning - with all these working parts, or all of it fails, and the cell dies. Without this entire functioning system, Life could not exist. And the Kinesin is the centerpiece to all of it. Experiments have shown that disrupting Kinesin activity has catastrophic consequences. This type of nano-precision is an obvious example of designed engineering. Blind, unguided evolutionary processes cannot plan ahead and create complex informational highways for precision transportation. The proposed evolutionary explanation is simply "co-option." A nebulous term which basically amounts to, "We don't know how it evolved, but it must have evolved from some other thing that was similar in the past." No observational data supports evolutionary co-option. It's absurd to believe any part of this was built by blind chance. Everything in the cell points to Intelligent Design.

Divinely Designed

15,956 views • 7 months ago

MotionGPT: Human Motion as a Foreign Language paper page: Though the advancement of pre-trained large language models unfolds, the exploration of building a unified model for language and other multi-modal data, such as motion, remains challenging and untouched so far. Fortunately, human motion displays a semantic coupling akin to human language, often perceived as a form of body language. By fusing language data with large-scale motion models, motion-language pre-training that can enhance the performance of motion-related tasks becomes feasible. Driven by this insight, we propose MotionGPT, a unified, versatile, and user-friendly motion-language model to handle multiple motion-relevant tasks. Specifically, we employ the discrete vector quantization for human motion and transfer 3D motion into motion tokens, similar to the generation process of word tokens. Building upon this "motion vocabulary", we perform language modeling on both motion and text in a unified manner, treating human motion as a specific language. Moreover, inspired by prompt learning, we pre-train MotionGPT with a mixture of motion-language data and fine-tune it on prompt-based question-and-answer tasks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MotionGPT achieves state-of-the-art performances on multiple motion tasks including text-driven motion generation, motion captioning, motion prediction, and motion in-between.
0:48

MotionGPT: Human Motion as a Foreign Language paper page: Though the advancement of pre-trained large language models unfolds, the exploration of building a unified model for language and other multi-modal data, such as motion, remains challenging and untouched so far. Fortunately, human motion displays a semantic coupling akin to human language, often perceived as a form of body language. By fusing language data with large-scale motion models, motion-language pre-training that can enhance the performance of motion-related tasks becomes feasible. Driven by this insight, we propose MotionGPT, a unified, versatile, and user-friendly motion-language model to handle multiple motion-relevant tasks. Specifically, we employ the discrete vector quantization for human motion and transfer 3D motion into motion tokens, similar to the generation process of word tokens. Building upon this "motion vocabulary", we perform language modeling on both motion and text in a unified manner, treating human motion as a specific language. Moreover, inspired by prompt learning, we pre-train MotionGPT with a mixture of motion-language data and fine-tune it on prompt-based question-and-answer tasks. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MotionGPT achieves state-of-the-art performances on multiple motion tasks including text-driven motion generation, motion captioning, motion prediction, and motion in-between.

AK

125,319 views • 3 years ago

Elon Musk just described a future where money does not exist. Not reformed. Not redistributed. Gone. Musk: “I think things will just be free in the future. If you’ve got an AI robotics economy that is anywhere close to a million times the size of the current Earth economy, literally any need you possibly want can be met.” Forget the sci-fi framing. Listen to what he is actually saying. The entire structure of human civilization runs on a single variable. You need something you cannot freely access. That gap is not a flaw in the system. It is the system. Your employer does not pay you because your work has value. Your employer pays you because you have no choice but to show up. Your government does not protect you out of principle. It maintains order because your dependency on the economy makes you governable. Scarcity is not a natural condition. It is the most successful control structure ever built. Musk: “If you can think of it, you can have it.” Now ask what happens when that structure collapses. A population that does not need a paycheck cannot be managed by one. A population that does not need credit cannot be disciplined by debt. A population that has everything has no reason to comply with anything. This is not a conversation about free goods. This is a conversation about the largest redistribution of leverage in recorded history. But there is a second collapse no one is talking about. Most people have built their entire identity around the constraint. The career they resent is the structure that tells them where to be every morning. The bills they complain about are the exact reason they never had to ask a harder question. Musk: “There actually isn’t money in the future and there’s abundance for everyone.” When the constraint disappears, so does the excuse. The crisis of the coming century will not be material. It will be millions of people standing in total freedom. Discovering they have no idea who they are without the struggle. Every barrier will be gone. And you will finally have to face the one thing scarcity has been protecting you from your entire life. Yourself.
0:43

Elon Musk just described a future where money does not exist. Not reformed. Not redistributed. Gone. Musk: “I think things will just be free in the future. If you’ve got an AI robotics economy that is anywhere close to a million times the size of the current Earth economy, literally any need you possibly want can be met.” Forget the sci-fi framing. Listen to what he is actually saying. The entire structure of human civilization runs on a single variable. You need something you cannot freely access. That gap is not a flaw in the system. It is the system. Your employer does not pay you because your work has value. Your employer pays you because you have no choice but to show up. Your government does not protect you out of principle. It maintains order because your dependency on the economy makes you governable. Scarcity is not a natural condition. It is the most successful control structure ever built. Musk: “If you can think of it, you can have it.” Now ask what happens when that structure collapses. A population that does not need a paycheck cannot be managed by one. A population that does not need credit cannot be disciplined by debt. A population that has everything has no reason to comply with anything. This is not a conversation about free goods. This is a conversation about the largest redistribution of leverage in recorded history. But there is a second collapse no one is talking about. Most people have built their entire identity around the constraint. The career they resent is the structure that tells them where to be every morning. The bills they complain about are the exact reason they never had to ask a harder question. Musk: “There actually isn’t money in the future and there’s abundance for everyone.” When the constraint disappears, so does the excuse. The crisis of the coming century will not be material. It will be millions of people standing in total freedom. Discovering they have no idea who they are without the struggle. Every barrier will be gone. And you will finally have to face the one thing scarcity has been protecting you from your entire life. Yourself.

Dustin

41,817 views • 3 months ago

David Chalmers on why consciousness is science's greatest unsolved problem: Science has mapped subatomic particles, distant stars, the chemistry of life yet it remains almost completely silent on the one thing we know most directly: our own conscious experience. In a rare early interview, philosopher David Chalmers explains why: "Consciousness is at once the most familiar thing in the world and the most mysterious. Consciousness is what we start with when it comes to knowing the world. I know that I exist. I know that I'm conscious. Everything else is secondary." And yet, despite this intimacy, consciousness sticks out like a sore thumb in the scientific picture. Chalmers points to a deep irony: science has made extraordinary progress on phenomena that are extraordinarily remote: subatomic particles, distant galaxies, the molecular machinery of biology while making almost no progress on the one thing closest to us. Why? Because science, by design, eliminates the subjective. "To do proper science, you have to be objective. You have to eliminate anything subjective from the picture." He uses heat as the perfect example. Physics gives us a complete account of heat molecules in motion, energy transfer, temperature gradients. It explains every objective aspect of the phenomenon. But it never explains what hotness actually feels like. "Science doesn't actually give a theory of the conscious feeling of hotness." This is what Chalmers calls the Hard Problem of Consciousness. You can trace every neural signal from your heat sensor along your nerves into your brain and still have explained nothing about the subjective experience of feeling warm. As interviewer Jeffrey Mishlove puts it: you can't even do science without a conscious mind to observe, interpret, and make meaning of data. Consciousness is the precondition for science itself and yet science has no framework to account for it. Chalmers' conclusion is striking: The methods of science may need to be expanded. Consciousness might not be something science explains away. It might be something science has to learn to start with.
2:45

David Chalmers on why consciousness is science's greatest unsolved problem: Science has mapped subatomic particles, distant stars, the chemistry of life yet it remains almost completely silent on the one thing we know most directly: our own conscious experience. In a rare early interview, philosopher David Chalmers explains why: "Consciousness is at once the most familiar thing in the world and the most mysterious. Consciousness is what we start with when it comes to knowing the world. I know that I exist. I know that I'm conscious. Everything else is secondary." And yet, despite this intimacy, consciousness sticks out like a sore thumb in the scientific picture. Chalmers points to a deep irony: science has made extraordinary progress on phenomena that are extraordinarily remote: subatomic particles, distant galaxies, the molecular machinery of biology while making almost no progress on the one thing closest to us. Why? Because science, by design, eliminates the subjective. "To do proper science, you have to be objective. You have to eliminate anything subjective from the picture." He uses heat as the perfect example. Physics gives us a complete account of heat molecules in motion, energy transfer, temperature gradients. It explains every objective aspect of the phenomenon. But it never explains what hotness actually feels like. "Science doesn't actually give a theory of the conscious feeling of hotness." This is what Chalmers calls the Hard Problem of Consciousness. You can trace every neural signal from your heat sensor along your nerves into your brain and still have explained nothing about the subjective experience of feeling warm. As interviewer Jeffrey Mishlove puts it: you can't even do science without a conscious mind to observe, interpret, and make meaning of data. Consciousness is the precondition for science itself and yet science has no framework to account for it. Chalmers' conclusion is striking: The methods of science may need to be expanded. Consciousness might not be something science explains away. It might be something science has to learn to start with.

Mateus — eu/acc 🇪🇺

31,662 views • 4 months ago

In the Andante movement of Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 21, the "beauty" doesn't lie in a single note, nor in a single expressive moment. It stems from how the entire musical material is organized as a continuous process of tension and resolution, where each event is both the result of what has happened and the condition for what will come next. On the surface, listeners are easily captivated by the softness of the melody, the dialogue between the piano and the orchestra, or the subtle harmonic nuances. However, this is only the phenomenal level. The deeper level lies not in "what the music is," but in "the principles by which the music operates to create the sense of inevitable movement." In Mozart's thinking, no note exists independently. Each sound always carries the aftershock of the previous note and simultaneously creates a tendency towards the next note. It is this continuous movement between tension and release that makes music no longer a series of disconnected events, but a logical flow of movement, where every detail has a reason for existing within the whole. The tension-release mechanism in life Importantly, this mechanism is not unique to music, but reflects a broader structure in human experience. In social relationships, conflict creates an imbalance between people; the process of understanding and adjustment helps restore the stability of the relationship. In biology, the body reacts to threat with a state of tension, and returns to equilibrium when the threat is removed. In psychology, the state of expectation creates mild tension, and completion brings a feeling of relief. At every level, the same pattern can be seen: an unstable state is moved towards a stable state. However, it is important not to understand music as a “simulation of life,” but rather that both music and life can be described by the same principle of organizing experience. Music: where mechanism is refined into structure In classical music, especially in Mozart's compositional thinking, the tension-release mechanism is transformed into a clearly structured language. An unstable note creates a tendency toward a stable note. A chromatic movement creates a sense of deviance from the center. An appoggiatura creates a sense of delay. A modulation to a minor key expands the instability of the entire structure. All these elements do not exist in isolation, but are organized into multi-layered tension-release cycles: microscopic in each note, mesoscopic in each phrase, and macroscopic in the entire structure of the musical movement. The key point is: Mozart did not use these mechanisms to create surprise effects, but to create the feeling that every movement is inherently necessary. This is what creates the seamless and natural flow of the music. Therefore, the beauty in Andante does not lie in a single element, nor in a single compositional technique, but in the tension-release mechanism being organized into a unified system throughout multiple levels of musical structure. At the detailed level, it is present in the relationship between notes and harmonic movement. At the intermediate level, it shapes the structure of each musical phrase. At the overall level, it governs the entire progression of the movement as a unified moving whole. Mozart did not create beauty by eliminating tension, but by organizing unstable states so that they continuously facilitate, guide, and transform into more stable states, thereby forming a dynamic balance throughout the entire musical structure. When these three levels operate simultaneously, the listener no longer perceives "artificiality," but experiences a seemingly natural and continuous flow of movement. It is in this state that the deepest aesthetic value is formed: a sense of a tight, consistent, and inevitable internal order within the sonic timeline.
5:19

In the Andante movement of Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 21, the "beauty" doesn't lie in a single note, nor in a single expressive moment. It stems from how the entire musical material is organized as a continuous process of tension and resolution, where each event is both the result of what has happened and the condition for what will come next. On the surface, listeners are easily captivated by the softness of the melody, the dialogue between the piano and the orchestra, or the subtle harmonic nuances. However, this is only the phenomenal level. The deeper level lies not in "what the music is," but in "the principles by which the music operates to create the sense of inevitable movement." In Mozart's thinking, no note exists independently. Each sound always carries the aftershock of the previous note and simultaneously creates a tendency towards the next note. It is this continuous movement between tension and release that makes music no longer a series of disconnected events, but a logical flow of movement, where every detail has a reason for existing within the whole. The tension-release mechanism in life Importantly, this mechanism is not unique to music, but reflects a broader structure in human experience. In social relationships, conflict creates an imbalance between people; the process of understanding and adjustment helps restore the stability of the relationship. In biology, the body reacts to threat with a state of tension, and returns to equilibrium when the threat is removed. In psychology, the state of expectation creates mild tension, and completion brings a feeling of relief. At every level, the same pattern can be seen: an unstable state is moved towards a stable state. However, it is important not to understand music as a “simulation of life,” but rather that both music and life can be described by the same principle of organizing experience. Music: where mechanism is refined into structure In classical music, especially in Mozart's compositional thinking, the tension-release mechanism is transformed into a clearly structured language. An unstable note creates a tendency toward a stable note. A chromatic movement creates a sense of deviance from the center. An appoggiatura creates a sense of delay. A modulation to a minor key expands the instability of the entire structure. All these elements do not exist in isolation, but are organized into multi-layered tension-release cycles: microscopic in each note, mesoscopic in each phrase, and macroscopic in the entire structure of the musical movement. The key point is: Mozart did not use these mechanisms to create surprise effects, but to create the feeling that every movement is inherently necessary. This is what creates the seamless and natural flow of the music. Therefore, the beauty in Andante does not lie in a single element, nor in a single compositional technique, but in the tension-release mechanism being organized into a unified system throughout multiple levels of musical structure. At the detailed level, it is present in the relationship between notes and harmonic movement. At the intermediate level, it shapes the structure of each musical phrase. At the overall level, it governs the entire progression of the movement as a unified moving whole. Mozart did not create beauty by eliminating tension, but by organizing unstable states so that they continuously facilitate, guide, and transform into more stable states, thereby forming a dynamic balance throughout the entire musical structure. When these three levels operate simultaneously, the listener no longer perceives "artificiality," but experiences a seemingly natural and continuous flow of movement. It is in this state that the deepest aesthetic value is formed: a sense of a tight, consistent, and inevitable internal order within the sonic timeline.

🎼🌺Music Love♥️

11,748 views • 1 month ago

Charles Kanjama on whether the DP can run for office or not: The court was not clear on it; it could have been clear by making a declaration that the outcome of the impeachment will not have any consequence. My interpretation is that because the court has found that there has been a violation of the right to a fair hearing, of necessity, the fruits of the impeachment cannot all be sustained. The finality in terms of bringing in a new DP has been sustained, but the other fruits of impeachment, which is to stop the DP from running again, cannot be sustained. The outcome is fairly confusing #CitizenMondayReport
2:12

Charles Kanjama on whether the DP can run for office or not: The court was not clear on it; it could have been clear by making a declaration that the outcome of the impeachment will not have any consequence. My interpretation is that because the court has found that there has been a violation of the right to a fair hearing, of necessity, the fruits of the impeachment cannot all be sustained. The finality in terms of bringing in a new DP has been sustained, but the other fruits of impeachment, which is to stop the DP from running again, cannot be sustained. The outcome is fairly confusing #CitizenMondayReport

Citizen TV Kenya

35,563 views • 2 months ago

Martha Nussbaum on why Aristotle believed you are not made of matter. In a 1987 interview on the Great Philosophers, philosopher Martha Nussbaum lays out Aristotle's three-part case against material reductionism, the idea that what you fundamentally are is just the stuff you're made of. His argument is more intuitive than it might sound. First: your matter is always changing. "Matter is always going in and out; it's always changing and of course you do change your material constituents very, very often without ceasing to be yourself." Your cells replace themselves. Your body is not the same collection of atoms it was years ago. And yet you are still you. If your identity were your matter, it would vanish and return constantly. But it doesn't. Something persists that isn't the material. Second: what makes a thing that thing is its function, not its parts. Aristotle uses the example of a ship. Replace some of its planks so long as "its functional structure remains the same, we could always replace bits of the matter without having a different thing in our hands." It's still the same ship. The same logic applies to you. Swap out the components, preserve the structure and function and the identity remains intact. This suggests identity lives in the organisation, not the raw material. Third: matter alone is too vague to define anything. This is perhaps his sharpest point. "Matter is just a lump or heap of stuff and so we couldn't say you are some stuff or other; it's only when we've identified the structure that the stuff constitutes that we can even go on to say something intelligent about the stuff itself." In other words: matter, by itself, tells you nothing. It's formless. You need structure form, function, organisation before you can even begin to describe what a thing is. The deeper implication Aristotle is reaching toward: what makes you you isn't a quantity of carbon and water. It's a pattern. A functional whole. A form that persists through constant material flux. Which raises the question if identity isn't located in matter, where exactly does it live?
0:59

Martha Nussbaum on why Aristotle believed you are not made of matter. In a 1987 interview on the Great Philosophers, philosopher Martha Nussbaum lays out Aristotle's three-part case against material reductionism, the idea that what you fundamentally are is just the stuff you're made of. His argument is more intuitive than it might sound. First: your matter is always changing. "Matter is always going in and out; it's always changing and of course you do change your material constituents very, very often without ceasing to be yourself." Your cells replace themselves. Your body is not the same collection of atoms it was years ago. And yet you are still you. If your identity were your matter, it would vanish and return constantly. But it doesn't. Something persists that isn't the material. Second: what makes a thing that thing is its function, not its parts. Aristotle uses the example of a ship. Replace some of its planks so long as "its functional structure remains the same, we could always replace bits of the matter without having a different thing in our hands." It's still the same ship. The same logic applies to you. Swap out the components, preserve the structure and function and the identity remains intact. This suggests identity lives in the organisation, not the raw material. Third: matter alone is too vague to define anything. This is perhaps his sharpest point. "Matter is just a lump or heap of stuff and so we couldn't say you are some stuff or other; it's only when we've identified the structure that the stuff constitutes that we can even go on to say something intelligent about the stuff itself." In other words: matter, by itself, tells you nothing. It's formless. You need structure form, function, organisation before you can even begin to describe what a thing is. The deeper implication Aristotle is reaching toward: what makes you you isn't a quantity of carbon and water. It's a pattern. A functional whole. A form that persists through constant material flux. Which raises the question if identity isn't located in matter, where exactly does it live?

Mateus — eu/acc 🇪🇺

69,935 views • 4 months ago

I've become a missionary with one message. Every time I meet a young person, the same words: have children, get married, build a family. I did not decide on this calling. It overtook me. And it overtook me for a single reason. I had no idea. I genuinely did not understand how much joy, how much meaning, how much sheer beauty pours out of a child until I was holding one of my own and felt the floor of my life drop into something deeper than I knew was there. I grew up white, affluent, secular, comfortable, and insulated. That world does not put babies in front of you. None of my friends were starting families. Out of my whole circle, almost no one has a big one. We were not formed by the presence of children. We were formed by their absence, by the strange quiet of homes built for two careers and no cradle. And a person believes what his world shows him. So we believed. What we believed was a lie. It is a lie with an author, and that the author is the enemy of joy himself. It is the gospel of the world, and its commandment is wait. Wait until you are older. Wait until the career is built and the savings are stacked and the twenties are properly spent. Enjoy your freedom. You are not ready. It does not arrive sounding like temptation. It arrives sounding like wisdom, like prudence, like the responsible thing, and that is exactly why it works. The most effective lies are the ones that wear the face of virtue. And the maddening thing is that it collapses from every angle at once. It is not rooted in biology, because the body is made for this work precisely in the years we are told to postpone it. The flesh keeps a calendar the culture pretends not to see. And it is not rooted in theology either. You will not find this deferral anywhere in the Christian imagination, in any of the fathers, in any of the scriptures. So choose whatever lens you like. Take the cold secular measure or the ancient sacred one. By either light the counsel is rotten. It is bad for the body and bad for the soul and bad for the society downstream of both. This is why I have come to see it as one of the central tragedies of my generation. Every age carries its own wound. The Great Depression was a depression of bread, a scarcity in the world of matter, hunger you could measure. Ours is a depression of a different order. It is a famine of the spirit in the middle of abundance. We have more than any people who ever lived and we are starving in a way our ancestors would not recognize, because the thing we are refusing cannot be bought and cannot be banked. The ones most made to give and receive this love are quietly declining it. They are walking away from the one inheritance that actually compounds, and the cruelest part is that they do not feel the loss as loss. You cannot grieve what you were taught not to want. That is the deepest cut of it. The lie does not only steal the thing. It steals the capacity to know the thing was stolen. A man can spend his whole life on the far side of a door he never knew was a door, mistaking the wall for the edge of the world. Because this beauty is not ordinary beauty. It is not the pleasure of a good meal or a clear morning. It is participation in something that comes down from above, the same generative love that spoke everything out of nothing and called it good. To make a person, to be undone and remade by loving that person more than your own life, is to be drawn for a moment inside the very act that holds the cosmos together. A child does not merely add to your life. A child reorders the soul. It teaches you what you are by asking everything of you, and you discover, kneeling there exhausted at three in the morning, that you had a capacity for self gift you never suspected, a depth in yourself you had no other way to reach. In the Gospel of John, on the last night, Jesus prays, these things I have spoken to you that my joy may be in you, and that your joy may be complete. And I have come to understand why family is the road into that fullness, why it is not one path among many but the one most fitted to the shape of the promise. Consider who is praying. Christ does not come to us as a lone figure dropped out of the sky. He comes out of a family older than the world, the eternal communion of Father and Son, the love between them so total and so alive that theologians dared to call it a third person. Before there was anything, there was a family. The deepest fact about reality is not a force or a law or a void. It is a household. It is begetting and being begotten, giving and receiving, a Father who is only a Father because there is a Son. So when Jesus speaks of joy made complete, he is not pointing away from family toward something higher. He is pointing toward the very thing he came from, the life he has known from eternity and came to share. His joy is the joy of belonging utterly to a Father and pouring himself out for those he loves. When you marry, when you bring a child into the world, when you wear yourself down in the small unseen labors of a home, you are not stepping outside that divine life. You are stepping into a small image of it. Your family is a created echo of an uncreated one. The love you give your child rhymes with the love the Father has for the Son. The exhaustion, the tenderness, the way a parent would tear the sky open to protect a sleeping infant, all of it is the heavens pressed faintly into flesh, the eternal household leaving its fingerprint on yours. That is why the joy is not merely added to family but completed in it. We were made in the image of a God who is, at his very root, relation and gift and generation. To found a family is to do the most Godlike thing a creature can do, to participate from below in the begetting that God does from all eternity. Your home becomes a window. Through it, dimly and imperfectly, you glimpse the country you came from and are going to. And now a word for the young people reading this, the ones who do not yet have children. I want to tell you what it is like from where I stand. When I am out somewhere, a restaurant, anywhere, and a large family comes through the door, the noise and the chaos and the small bodies of them, something happens in me on two levels at once. The first is joy. A pure gladness at the sight, the way you feel watching something good and alive. But underneath it, almost in the same instant, a sadness reaches up and takes hold of my heart. Because I know now, at my age, after my own years of waiting, that I will never have that. I will never know the particular fruit of a family that large, the fullness of that table, the weight of all those lives gathered under one roof. The door to it has quietly closed, and I felt it close. And I am telling you plainly, because I love you and have no reason to lie to you: you will feel this too. You will. The day will come when you see what you passed up, and you will recognize the ache for what it is, and it will be too late to answer it. So please, learn from a man who got it wrong. Let my regret be worth something by becoming your wisdom. Do not wait yourself into a grief you cannot undo. Choose now, while the door is open, so that you may step into a joy that does not end.
8:26

I've become a missionary with one message. Every time I meet a young person, the same words: have children, get married, build a family. I did not decide on this calling. It overtook me. And it overtook me for a single reason. I had no idea. I genuinely did not understand how much joy, how much meaning, how much sheer beauty pours out of a child until I was holding one of my own and felt the floor of my life drop into something deeper than I knew was there. I grew up white, affluent, secular, comfortable, and insulated. That world does not put babies in front of you. None of my friends were starting families. Out of my whole circle, almost no one has a big one. We were not formed by the presence of children. We were formed by their absence, by the strange quiet of homes built for two careers and no cradle. And a person believes what his world shows him. So we believed. What we believed was a lie. It is a lie with an author, and that the author is the enemy of joy himself. It is the gospel of the world, and its commandment is wait. Wait until you are older. Wait until the career is built and the savings are stacked and the twenties are properly spent. Enjoy your freedom. You are not ready. It does not arrive sounding like temptation. It arrives sounding like wisdom, like prudence, like the responsible thing, and that is exactly why it works. The most effective lies are the ones that wear the face of virtue. And the maddening thing is that it collapses from every angle at once. It is not rooted in biology, because the body is made for this work precisely in the years we are told to postpone it. The flesh keeps a calendar the culture pretends not to see. And it is not rooted in theology either. You will not find this deferral anywhere in the Christian imagination, in any of the fathers, in any of the scriptures. So choose whatever lens you like. Take the cold secular measure or the ancient sacred one. By either light the counsel is rotten. It is bad for the body and bad for the soul and bad for the society downstream of both. This is why I have come to see it as one of the central tragedies of my generation. Every age carries its own wound. The Great Depression was a depression of bread, a scarcity in the world of matter, hunger you could measure. Ours is a depression of a different order. It is a famine of the spirit in the middle of abundance. We have more than any people who ever lived and we are starving in a way our ancestors would not recognize, because the thing we are refusing cannot be bought and cannot be banked. The ones most made to give and receive this love are quietly declining it. They are walking away from the one inheritance that actually compounds, and the cruelest part is that they do not feel the loss as loss. You cannot grieve what you were taught not to want. That is the deepest cut of it. The lie does not only steal the thing. It steals the capacity to know the thing was stolen. A man can spend his whole life on the far side of a door he never knew was a door, mistaking the wall for the edge of the world. Because this beauty is not ordinary beauty. It is not the pleasure of a good meal or a clear morning. It is participation in something that comes down from above, the same generative love that spoke everything out of nothing and called it good. To make a person, to be undone and remade by loving that person more than your own life, is to be drawn for a moment inside the very act that holds the cosmos together. A child does not merely add to your life. A child reorders the soul. It teaches you what you are by asking everything of you, and you discover, kneeling there exhausted at three in the morning, that you had a capacity for self gift you never suspected, a depth in yourself you had no other way to reach. In the Gospel of John, on the last night, Jesus prays, these things I have spoken to you that my joy may be in you, and that your joy may be complete. And I have come to understand why family is the road into that fullness, why it is not one path among many but the one most fitted to the shape of the promise. Consider who is praying. Christ does not come to us as a lone figure dropped out of the sky. He comes out of a family older than the world, the eternal communion of Father and Son, the love between them so total and so alive that theologians dared to call it a third person. Before there was anything, there was a family. The deepest fact about reality is not a force or a law or a void. It is a household. It is begetting and being begotten, giving and receiving, a Father who is only a Father because there is a Son. So when Jesus speaks of joy made complete, he is not pointing away from family toward something higher. He is pointing toward the very thing he came from, the life he has known from eternity and came to share. His joy is the joy of belonging utterly to a Father and pouring himself out for those he loves. When you marry, when you bring a child into the world, when you wear yourself down in the small unseen labors of a home, you are not stepping outside that divine life. You are stepping into a small image of it. Your family is a created echo of an uncreated one. The love you give your child rhymes with the love the Father has for the Son. The exhaustion, the tenderness, the way a parent would tear the sky open to protect a sleeping infant, all of it is the heavens pressed faintly into flesh, the eternal household leaving its fingerprint on yours. That is why the joy is not merely added to family but completed in it. We were made in the image of a God who is, at his very root, relation and gift and generation. To found a family is to do the most Godlike thing a creature can do, to participate from below in the begetting that God does from all eternity. Your home becomes a window. Through it, dimly and imperfectly, you glimpse the country you came from and are going to. And now a word for the young people reading this, the ones who do not yet have children. I want to tell you what it is like from where I stand. When I am out somewhere, a restaurant, anywhere, and a large family comes through the door, the noise and the chaos and the small bodies of them, something happens in me on two levels at once. The first is joy. A pure gladness at the sight, the way you feel watching something good and alive. But underneath it, almost in the same instant, a sadness reaches up and takes hold of my heart. Because I know now, at my age, after my own years of waiting, that I will never have that. I will never know the particular fruit of a family that large, the fullness of that table, the weight of all those lives gathered under one roof. The door to it has quietly closed, and I felt it close. And I am telling you plainly, because I love you and have no reason to lie to you: you will feel this too. You will. The day will come when you see what you passed up, and you will recognize the ache for what it is, and it will be too late to answer it. So please, learn from a man who got it wrong. Let my regret be worth something by becoming your wisdom. Do not wait yourself into a grief you cannot undo. Choose now, while the door is open, so that you may step into a joy that does not end.

Kirk Rollins

77,958 views • 2 months ago

NEW RESEARCH: You can now create a new robot optimized for any given task! I love this new project by Huy Ha, Shuran Song, and others. Called "Transformer Transformer: A Unified Model for Motion-Conditioned Robot Co-design", it generates a robot's physical design and its controller together from a task spec. DEFINITIONS: - Reward function: A scoring rule that assigns a number to how well a behavior achieves the task. Here, it is the objective the generated design is pushed to maximize (e.g., track the target motion with low error). - Tokenizing: dividing continuous or structured data (a robot's links, joints, motor specs, states, actions) into a discrete vocabulary of symbols a transformer can process, the same step that turned pixels and audio into "language" for these models. - Diffusion transformer (DiT): A transformer trained to turn random noise into structured output through iterative denoising. Here, it generates robot bodies and trajectories instead of images. - MuJoCo: The standard fast physics simulator for robotics research (DeepMind-maintained). The Menagerie is its curated zoo of ready-to-use robot models. - CMA-ES: Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy, the workhorse black-box optimizer: it evolves a population of candidate designs, keeps the best, and needs thousands of simulator rollouts. - Bimanual multi-trajectory optimization: Finding one design/controller that performs well across several target motions for a two-armed robot at once, harder than optimizing for a single arm and a single motion. - BERT/MAE masked-modeling trick: Train one model to fill in whatever parts of the input you hide (words for BERT, image patches for MAE); at inference, choosing what to mask chooses the task, so masking the body makes it a designer and masking the actions makes it a controller. In practice, you give it a target end-effector motion and a reward function, and it outputs a complete embodiment (link, joint, motor, and inertial property), as well as a controller to drive it. It works by tokenizing both the body (links/joints/motors) and the dynamics (states/actions) into a compact scheme called RoboTokens, training a diffusion transformer (DiT) over them. The same model predicts dynamics using those predictions ("Dynamics Self-Guidance") to push generated designs toward higher reward at inference time. Masking different token types (using the BERT/MAE masked-modeling trick) lets the one model do three jobs: generate an embodiment, control an arbitrary embodiment, or design one conditioned on a motion. It is trained on 11 robots from the MuJoCo Menagerie (0.65 kg hand to 67.5 kg quadruped, 6–35 joints), and validated in sim and on a physical ALOHA doing cloth flinging. I like the fact that this approach inverts the entire recent robotics ideas: designing a policy for a fixed robot -> designing the robot for a fixed task. Every other approach assumes the body is given and learns a controller. Transformer Transformer takes the task (target motion + reward), then generates the body and controller jointly. In practice, it is a ~180× speedup over the standard optimizer at equal-or-better quality. It reaches "CMA-ES-level quality in seconds" and finishes bimanual multi-trajectory optimization in that is worth underlining nowadays! Also worth mentioning: this is the lab behind UMI and Handroid, that I mentioned here previously! The team seems extremely creative, i love these out-of-the-box approaches. Enjoy watching the demo of robot optimization in 3D, data acquisition, then real-life testing:
0:28

NEW RESEARCH: You can now create a new robot optimized for any given task! I love this new project by Huy Ha, Shuran Song, and others. Called "Transformer Transformer: A Unified Model for Motion-Conditioned Robot Co-design", it generates a robot's physical design and its controller together from a task spec. DEFINITIONS: - Reward function: A scoring rule that assigns a number to how well a behavior achieves the task. Here, it is the objective the generated design is pushed to maximize (e.g., track the target motion with low error). - Tokenizing: dividing continuous or structured data (a robot's links, joints, motor specs, states, actions) into a discrete vocabulary of symbols a transformer can process, the same step that turned pixels and audio into "language" for these models. - Diffusion transformer (DiT): A transformer trained to turn random noise into structured output through iterative denoising. Here, it generates robot bodies and trajectories instead of images. - MuJoCo: The standard fast physics simulator for robotics research (DeepMind-maintained). The Menagerie is its curated zoo of ready-to-use robot models. - CMA-ES: Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy, the workhorse black-box optimizer: it evolves a population of candidate designs, keeps the best, and needs thousands of simulator rollouts. - Bimanual multi-trajectory optimization: Finding one design/controller that performs well across several target motions for a two-armed robot at once, harder than optimizing for a single arm and a single motion. - BERT/MAE masked-modeling trick: Train one model to fill in whatever parts of the input you hide (words for BERT, image patches for MAE); at inference, choosing what to mask chooses the task, so masking the body makes it a designer and masking the actions makes it a controller. In practice, you give it a target end-effector motion and a reward function, and it outputs a complete embodiment (link, joint, motor, and inertial property), as well as a controller to drive it. It works by tokenizing both the body (links/joints/motors) and the dynamics (states/actions) into a compact scheme called RoboTokens, training a diffusion transformer (DiT) over them. The same model predicts dynamics using those predictions ("Dynamics Self-Guidance") to push generated designs toward higher reward at inference time. Masking different token types (using the BERT/MAE masked-modeling trick) lets the one model do three jobs: generate an embodiment, control an arbitrary embodiment, or design one conditioned on a motion. It is trained on 11 robots from the MuJoCo Menagerie (0.65 kg hand to 67.5 kg quadruped, 6–35 joints), and validated in sim and on a physical ALOHA doing cloth flinging. I like the fact that this approach inverts the entire recent robotics ideas: designing a policy for a fixed robot -> designing the robot for a fixed task. Every other approach assumes the body is given and learns a controller. Transformer Transformer takes the task (target motion + reward), then generates the body and controller jointly. In practice, it is a ~180× speedup over the standard optimizer at equal-or-better quality. It reaches "CMA-ES-level quality in seconds" and finishes bimanual multi-trajectory optimization in that is worth underlining nowadays! Also worth mentioning: this is the lab behind UMI and Handroid, that I mentioned here previously! The team seems extremely creative, i love these out-of-the-box approaches. Enjoy watching the demo of robot optimization in 3D, data acquisition, then real-life testing:

Léo

24,267 views • 3 days ago