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Given an embedding vector, you can tell which model produced it. I trained a 0.8M transformer that fingerprints embedding models by reading raw float digits (vocab size: 15). Full end-to-end, zero feature engineering.

Han Xiao

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19,695 views • 4 months ago •via X (Twitter)

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RTFM can be seen as a learned renderer: it is an autoregressive diffusion transformer trained end-to-end on large-scale video data, and it learns to model 3D geometry, reflections, shadows and more just by observing them in its training set.

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New short course on advanced retrieval for RAG (retrieval augmented generation)! RAG fetches relevant documents to give context to an LLM. In Advanced Retrieval for AI with Chroma, taught by Chroma founder anton 🇺🇸, you’ll learn: (i) Query expansion using an LLM to rewrite and improve a query, by either generating either additional relevant queries or a hypothetical answer to the query. (ii) Reranking using a cross-encoder - a model trained to measure similarity between two inputs presented simultaneously. Reranking reorders retrieved documents based on the cross-encoder similarity measure. (iii) Constructing and training an Embedding Adaptor, which is a model that adapts the embedding values to be more relevant to your use case. Each of these techniques can help you build much better RAG systems. Please sign up for the course here:

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1. Project Digits: NVIDIA's Latest AI Supercomputer Introduces an exciting breakthrough with the new NVIDIA GB10 Superchip, offering a compact AI supercomputer that efficiently handles 200B-parameter models. NVIDIA’s Project DIGITS is a powerhouse you can hold in the palm of your hand. With two Project DIGITS units, developers can easily work with AI models up to 405B parameters in size. Available by May.

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Andrew Ng

104,371 views • 2 years ago

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Google just proved that bigger isn't always better. Their 308M parameter model is outperforming models 2x its size. Google just released 𝗘𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗱𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗚𝗲𝗺𝗺𝗮, and it's proving that lightweight embedding models can punch way above their weight class. At just 308M parameters (578MB), it's the new state-of-the-art for models under 500M parameters across MTEB multilingual, English, and code benchmarks. But the really impressive part is that it ranks 8th overall on MTEB(Multilingual, v2) - that's 𝟭𝟳 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝘀 above the second-best sub-500M model, and it's delivering performance 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹𝘀 𝗻𝗲𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝗱𝗼𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝘀𝗶𝘇𝗲. There are three key parts of their training recipe that sets it apart: 𝟭. 𝗘𝗻𝗰𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿-𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝗜𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 Instead of starting from a decoder-only Gemma 3 model, they first adapted it to encoder-decoder, then used just the encoder. By basing EmbeddingGemma off an LLM that already has world and language understanding, it gives it a stronger starting point. 𝟮. 𝗧𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲-𝗟𝗼𝘀𝘀 𝗧𝗿𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 They combine three different loss functions, instead of just having one: • Contrastive loss (NCE) with in-batch negatives and hardness weighting • Spread-out regularization to ensure embeddings utilize the full space (for quantization and ANN retrieval) • Embedding matching distillation from Gemini Embedding - not just learning from relevance scores, but directly aligning the embedding space with the teacher model 𝟯. 𝗠𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗹 𝗦𝗼𝘂𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗴 Rather than just averaging checkpoints from the same training run, they use optimization techniques to find multiple specialized training mixtures. Each mixture creates an "expert" model in different domains, and averaging all their parameters creates a final model that's actually better than individual models. Extras: • Matryoshka embeddings supporting 768, 512, 256, and 128 dimensions • Quantization-aware training - maintains quality even at int4 precision • 100+ languages from Gemma 3 pretraining • Exceptional performance on low-resource languages (check their XTREME-UP results) Is it the absolute best embedding model? No - Gemini Embedding still leads overall. But that's not really the point. EmbeddingGemma proves you can achieve state-of-the-art performance in a small package that's actually deployable on-device, in low-latency applications, and in resource-constrained environments. This makes good embeddings accessible for use cases that I'm seeing more and more: offline applications, privacy-sensitive deployments, and high-throughput scenarios where inference cost actually matters. Full paper: Shoutout to the EmbeddingGemma team at Google DeepMind for this awesome open source work 💙 and to Daniel Williams for helping me with this video! 🫶

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Michael

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Argentina's Milei News 🇦🇷🤝🌎

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Andrew Ng

253,812 views • 1 year ago

NEW: Bill Maher leaves journalist stunned when he tells her the “End Racism” message in the NFL end zone does nothing to end racism. MAHER: “I noticed that at the Super Bowl, they’re, for the first time in, I think, four years now, the Trump administration is making them take away ‘End Racism,’ which they had written in the end zone.” TARA PALMERI: “But why? It just seems silly.” MAHER: “To do it or not to do it?” TARA PALMERI: “Why get rid of it?” MAHER: “Oh, I could tell you why. Because it was stupid to begin with. But let me ask you, who is it for? And if you’re a racist and you see ‘End Racism’ in the end zone, you’re gonna stop being a racist?” TARA PALMERI: (Stunned) “But the sentiment is basically like, don’t be an asshole.” MAHER: “But I think it’s an asshole to nag us during a football game about something that doesn’t change anything. If I’m not a racist and I see it, it doesn’t matter. And if I am a racist, it’s gonna make me more of a racist.” BYRON DONALDS: “Look, I think if you write ‘Don’t be an asshole’ in the end zone, everybody will agree with that.” (Round of Applause)

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The Vigilant Fox 🦊

2,610,848 views • 1 year ago

I know that people can wake up to reality because I did. I made this video in one take (I was out of breath by the end) when I discovered how wrong I had been. You can tell how bad I was at video editing then and can hear the traffic in the background, but it is a raw and real video that I had put together out of sheer frustration of the ridiculousness I was seeing.

I know that people can wake up to reality because I did. I made this video in one take (I was out of breath by the end) when I discovered how wrong I had been. You can tell how bad I was at video editing then and can hear the traffic in the background, but it is a raw and real video that I had put together out of sheer frustration of the ridiculousness I was seeing.

Defender of the Republic 🇺🇸

405,937 views • 1 year ago

Only a Russian propagandist like Solovyov can start a monologue explaining to the Europeans that Russia has zero interest in capturing Europe and end it with a threat to capture Europe. By the way, did you know that Solovyov’s beloved Italy belongs to Russia? 😂

Only a Russian propagandist like Solovyov can start a monologue explaining to the Europeans that Russia has zero interest in capturing Europe and end it with a threat to capture Europe. By the way, did you know that Solovyov’s beloved Italy belongs to Russia? 😂

Natalka

96,991 views • 1 year ago

Happy GPT-5 Day to all who celebrate. Here's what I expect: It will be agentic-first (this is all but confirmed by OpenAI) It will be heavily multimodal (audio, video, music, tool use, and more) It will be a reasoning-first model as well (math, planning, etc) Directionally, I suspect we're looking at moving towards a convergence of "everything to everything" end-to-end models. Sort of like how Tesla improved FSD by doing neural networks for end-to-end perception-planning-control. Likewise, I suspect that, for the foreseeable future on general purpose models, we're going to converge towards "all in one" models. They will just tend to get smarter and smarter the more modalities we stuff into them (world models, math, image, text, video, audio, etc).

Happy GPT-5 Day to all who celebrate. Here's what I expect: It will be agentic-first (this is all but confirmed by OpenAI) It will be heavily multimodal (audio, video, music, tool use, and more) It will be a reasoning-first model as well (math, planning, etc) Directionally, I suspect we're looking at moving towards a convergence of "everything to everything" end-to-end models. Sort of like how Tesla improved FSD by doing neural networks for end-to-end perception-planning-control. Likewise, I suspect that, for the foreseeable future on general purpose models, we're going to converge towards "all in one" models. They will just tend to get smarter and smarter the more modalities we stuff into them (world models, math, image, text, video, audio, etc).

David Shapiro (L/0)

19,305 views • 11 months ago

How can you solve complex tasks using a Large Language Model? Here is a 2-minute introduction to everything you need to know to 10x the quality of your results. Let's talk about three techniques, in order of complexity, starting with the easiest one: • In-Context Learning • Indexing + In-Context Learning • Fine-tuning In-Context Learning The team that trained GPT-3 found something they couldn't explain: You can condition a model using examples of how you want it to behave. I included an example prompt in the attached video. You can "teach" the model how you want it to interpret questions, select the correct answers, and format the results by giving a few examples. You can also give specific knowledge to the model that will be helpful when formulating answers. We call this approach "grounding the model." There's another example in the video. Indexing + In-Context Learning Unfortunately, there is a limit to how much data you can include in a prompt. We call this the "context size." One version of GPT-4 supports a context of approximately 6,000 words, while the other supports 25,000 words. Although this sounds like a lot, many applications need more than that. Imagine you wrote a book and want to build an application to answer any questions about your story. What happens if your book is longer than the context? That's where Indexing comes in. Using a model, you can turn every book passage into an embedding. These are vectors, numbers that "encode" the passage's text. You can then store these embeddings in a particular database that supports fast retrieval of these vectors. You can then turn any question into an embedding and search the database for the list of passages that are similar to that query. Instead of using the entire book to ask the model, you can now use the relevant passages as in-context information, effectively working around the context size limitation. Fine-tuning Fine-tuning can give you an extra boost to get reliable outputs from your LLM. It is, however, the most complex approach on the list. There are different approaches to fine-tuning a model with your data. A popular technique is to process your data with your LLM and use the outputs to train a new classifier that solves your specific task. Notice that here you aren't modifying the LLM. Instead, you are chaining it with your trained classifier. Another approach is to modify the parameters of the LLM using your data. Think of this as "rewiring" the model in a way that solves your particular task. The results and costs will vary depending on how many layers you want to fine-tune from the original model. Many companies think that fine-tuning is the solution to their problems. In my experience, many will benefit from exploring the other two approaches. I love explaining Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence ideas. If you enjoy in-depth content like this, follow me Santiago so you don't miss what comes next.

How can you solve complex tasks using a Large Language Model? Here is a 2-minute introduction to everything you need to know to 10x the quality of your results. Let's talk about three techniques, in order of complexity, starting with the easiest one: • In-Context Learning • Indexing + In-Context Learning • Fine-tuning In-Context Learning The team that trained GPT-3 found something they couldn't explain: You can condition a model using examples of how you want it to behave. I included an example prompt in the attached video. You can "teach" the model how you want it to interpret questions, select the correct answers, and format the results by giving a few examples. You can also give specific knowledge to the model that will be helpful when formulating answers. We call this approach "grounding the model." There's another example in the video. Indexing + In-Context Learning Unfortunately, there is a limit to how much data you can include in a prompt. We call this the "context size." One version of GPT-4 supports a context of approximately 6,000 words, while the other supports 25,000 words. Although this sounds like a lot, many applications need more than that. Imagine you wrote a book and want to build an application to answer any questions about your story. What happens if your book is longer than the context? That's where Indexing comes in. Using a model, you can turn every book passage into an embedding. These are vectors, numbers that "encode" the passage's text. You can then store these embeddings in a particular database that supports fast retrieval of these vectors. You can then turn any question into an embedding and search the database for the list of passages that are similar to that query. Instead of using the entire book to ask the model, you can now use the relevant passages as in-context information, effectively working around the context size limitation. Fine-tuning Fine-tuning can give you an extra boost to get reliable outputs from your LLM. It is, however, the most complex approach on the list. There are different approaches to fine-tuning a model with your data. A popular technique is to process your data with your LLM and use the outputs to train a new classifier that solves your specific task. Notice that here you aren't modifying the LLM. Instead, you are chaining it with your trained classifier. Another approach is to modify the parameters of the LLM using your data. Think of this as "rewiring" the model in a way that solves your particular task. The results and costs will vary depending on how many layers you want to fine-tune from the original model. Many companies think that fine-tuning is the solution to their problems. In my experience, many will benefit from exploring the other two approaches. I love explaining Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence ideas. If you enjoy in-depth content like this, follow me Santiago so you don't miss what comes next.

Santiago

384,495 views • 3 years ago